Implementasi Program Sanitasi Total Berbasis Masyarakat Di Kota Bandung

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Program sanitasi total berbasis masyarakat (STBM) didasarkan atas Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan No. 3 Tahun 2014 tentang Program Sanitasi Total Berbasis Masyarakat bertujuan untuk mendorong masyarakat secara mandiri menghentikan kebiasaan buang air besar di tempat terbuka. Walaupun kebijakan STBM diberlakukan sejak 2014, sanitasi buruk masih terjadi di beberapa kecamatan di Kota Bandung. Riset ini menganalisis pilar pertama STBM, yaitu stop buang air besar sembarangan (open defecation free),  utamanya terkait dengan upaya pemerintah dalam menanggulangi kebiasaan pembungan tinja ke sungai. Riset ini menggunakan teori implementasi kebijakan dari Thomas B Smith dalam proses implementasi kebijakan ada empat variabel yang perlu diperhatikan, yaitu; (1) Kebijakan yang di idealkan (idealized policy), (2) Kelompok Sasaran (target groups), (3) Organisasi Pelaksana (implementing organization), (4) Faktor-faktor lingkungan (enviromental factors). Pendekatan kualitatif dilakukan dalam  riset  ini melalui metode observasi, wawancara mendalam dan analisis dokumen. Teknik keabsahan dilakukan dengan triangulasi sumber informan yang didapatkan di lapangan. Hasil riset menunjukan bahwa pencapaian program sanitasi total berbasis masyarakat (STBM) pada pilar pertama stop buang air besar sembarangan (open defecation free)  belum sepenuhnya memperhatikan aspek-aspek implementasi kebijakan sebagaimana dikemukkan Thomas B Smith sehingga hasilnya belum optimal. Aspek yang berpengaruh dalam pencapaian program sanitasi total berbasis masyarakat yaitu (1) Partisifasi masyarakat, (2) Komitmen masyarakat, (3) Kondisi lingkungan, (4) Pemerintah, (5) Agen-agen yang terlibat dan (6) Peraturan lokal. Dengan demikian pencapaian program sanitasi total berbasis masyarakat akan berhasil apabila seluruh proses  implementasi dilajsanakan secara holistic, mulai tahap awal sampai verifikasi.

Community-based total sanitation program  based on the Regulation of the Minister of Health No. 3 of 2014 concerning the community-based total sanitation Program aims to encourage people to independently stop defecating in the open. Although the CBTS policy has been in place since 2014, poor sanitation still occurs in several sub-districts in Bandung City. This research analyzes the first pillar of CBTS, namely open defecation free. Mainly related to the government's efforts to overcome the habit of dumping feces into rivers. This research uses the theory of policy implementation from Charles O. Jones which consists of discussing the implementation of the CBTS program from three aspects, namely (1) Organization, (2) Interpretation, and (3) Application. A qualitative approach is carried out in this research through the methods of observation, in-depth interviews and document analysis. The validity technique was carried out by triangulation of informant sources obtained in the field. The results of the research show that the achievement of the community-based total sanitation program (CBTS) in the first pillar of open defecation free has not fully paid attention to aspects of policy implementation as stated by O. Jones so that the results are not optimal. Aspects that influence the achievement of community-based total sanitation programs are (1) Community participation, (2) Community commitment, (3) Environmental conditions, (4) Government, (5) Agencies involved and (6) Local regulations. Thus, the achievement of a community-based total sanitation program will be successful if the entire implementation process is carried out holistically, from the initial stage to verification.