Vol 4, Issue 3, 2023 (286-306)

http://journal.unpad.ac.id/idjp

*Corresponding author,

e-mail : yanni.dhiani@bku.ac.id (Y. D. Mardhiani)

https://doi.org/10.24198/idjp.v4i3.44919

Formulation and Evaluation of Sunscreen Gel Combination of Bisoctrizole and Gotu

Kola Extract (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban)

Yanni D. Mardhiani*, Dadih Supriadi, Putri Hafisa Nur Islamiyah

Research Group of Pharmaceutics, Bhakti Kencana University, Jl. Soekarno Hatta No.754,

Bandung city, West Java, Indonesia.

Submitted : 21/01/2023, Revised : 03/04/ 2023, Accepted : 06/06/ 2023, Published : 16/08/2023

Abstract

Gotu kola extract has antioxidant activity and contains flavonoids that can absorb

maximum wavelengths of UV radiation. Bisoctrizole is a photoprotective agent to

minimize sun damage. The Sun Protection Factor value of sunscreen can be

increased by combining Bisoctrizole and Gotu kola extract as sunscreen in the form

of a gel. This study aims to develop a sunscreen gel from a combination of

Bisoctrizole UV filter material and Gotu kola extract which has good physical

properties and sun protection efficacy. Gel evaluation was carried out on

organoleptic, homogeneity, adhesion, dispersion, viscosity, syneresis, pH, irritation

test, stability test, and in vitro test of SPF value (UV-Visible Spectrophotometry).

The results showed that the combination sunscreen gel (F5-F7) had excellent

physical appearance and homogeneity, no syneresis, pH 4.96±0.01 - 5.30±0.01,

viscosity 5960±106 - 9240±173 cps, spreadability 5.75±0.05 - 6.38±0.03 cm,

adhesion 1.24±0.20 - 2.89±0.12 seconds, and is non-irritating. The results of the

measurement of sunscreen activity showed that the SPF value of the Bisoctrizole

5% gel added with Gotu kola extract 5% (F5); 7.5% (F6); and 10% (F7),

respectively, were 27.73±0.04; 34.56±0.23; and 37.31±0.36. There was a

significant difference (p<0.05) in the room temperature gel stability test and the

cycling test on pH, viscosity, and spreadability.. The highest SPF value was found

in the gel combination of Bisoctrizole 5% with Gotu kola extract 10% (F7) with an

increase of 55.58%. Gotu kola extract can be formulated with Bisoctrizole into a

sunscreen gel with ultra photoprotective activity (SPF>15).

Keywords: Bisoctrizole, sunscreen, gel, gotu kola extract.

1. Introduction

UV radiation is responsible for the

main cause of skin damage. UVB and UVA

penetrate deep into the earth and have the

ability to damage the skin, causing sunburn,

solar keratosis, premature aging, and even

skin cancer. This is the background that

sunscreen product formulations need to be

developed as additional protection for the

skin from the adverse effects of UV

radiation (Bhattacharya & Sherje, 2020).

Theoretically, sunscreens reduce UV

radiation damage by forming a film or layer

on the surface of the stratum corneum that

absorbs and/or scatters UV radiation

(Sampattavanich et al., 2021). Sun

protection factor (SPF) was used to

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287

describe sunscreen efficacy (Dutra et al.,

2004; Maske et al., 2020). Bisoctrizole

(INCI: methylene bis-benzotriazolyl

tetramethylbutylphenol) is a sunscreen

ingredient that provides extreme broad-

spectrum UV protection against UVA and

UVB. This material combines the benefits

of organic and inorganic filters so that its

mechanism as a sunscreen not only absorbs

UV, but can also spread and reflect it

(Benson et al., 2019; Tuchinda et al., 2006).

Research related to the use of sunscreen

active ingredients from natural ingredients

continues to increase, one of which is gotu

kola extract (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban).

Gotu kola contains triterpenoid compounds

such as asiaticoside, madecoside, asiatic

acid, madasiatic acid, and brahmic acid

(Sulastri et al., 2017). A study showed the

total flavonoids from the ethanol extract of

gotu kola leaves was 102.10 ± 0.08 mg/g

QE (Widiyana, 2021). The chromophore

group in phenolic compounds, especially

the flavonoid group, is able to absorb UVA

and UVB radiation so that it has the

potential as a sunscreen to reduce the

intensity of skin damage due to UV

radiation (Salwa et al., 2020).

Gotu kola (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban) can be

included in the formulation of cosmetic

preparations for skin care because it has

antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-

cellulite, antifungal, antibacterial, and anti-

aging activities (Ratz-Lyko et al., 2016;

Sulastri et al. , 2017). Based on the

research, the IC50 value of gotu kola ethanol

extract was 78.26 ppm This value proves

that the antioxidant activity of the ethanol

extract of gotu kola belongs to the category

of strong antioxidants (Yahya &

Nurrosyidah, 2020). The antioxidant

activity of gotu kola is comparable to that

of rosemary and sage which has been

identified as having high potential to be

explored as a source of natural antioxidants

(Jaswir et al., 2004). Another study stated

that the antioxidant activity in gotu kola

(84%) was almost equivalent to that of

grape seed extract (83%) and vitamin C

(88%) (Chandrika & Kumarab, 2015;

Hashim et al., 2011). Research on the UV

protective effect of gotu kola extract

showed that at a concentration of 10%, the

absorbance of gotu kola extract was

comparable to that of control Octyl

methoxy cinnamate (OMC) and bearberry

extract in protection against UVB.

Research says that the gotu kola extract

contains quercetin and beta-carotene

(Bajpai et al., 2005). The SPF value of an

emulsion containing 10% quercetin is

equivalent to homosalat, and has an SPF

value of 30 when combined with titanium

dioxide (Choquenet et al., 2008).

Meanwhile, the combination of 0.1% olive

oil cream and 20% gotu kola extract

showed an SPF value of 37 (Zainuddin et

al., 2019).

The selection of gel preparations in this

study was based on its properties that felt

lighter on the skin than lotions or creams,

thus providing a comfortable and easy

feeling when applied, did not clog pores,

and did not interfere with skin respiration

(Mukhlishah & Ningrum, 2020).

A good sunscreen is expected to block UV

penetration, prevent skin damage, and is

safe to use. This can be achieved by adding

natural ingredients that have antioxidant

activity. Based on research, antioxidants

added in sunscreen formulations are proven

to increase their effectiveness, namely by

increasing the SPF value (Bhattacharya &

Sherje, 2020; Lim et al., 2019).

The antioxidant ability of natural

ingredients to ward off free radicals shows

a correlation between antioxidants and the

photoprotective activity of sunscreens. The

existence of this relationship can be used as

the basis for the use of antioxidants in

pharmaceutical preparations as sunscreens

(Gunarti & Fikayuniar, 2019). This is in

line with the current trend of developing

multifunctional cosmetics. So this study

formulated a sunscreen gel combination of

Bisoctrizole as a photoprotective agent with

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288

gotu kola extract as a natural ingredient into

a preparation that meets the evaluation

criteria, has good efficacy and stability, and

is safer for the skin.

2. Method

The ingredients to be used in the

preparation of the gel include gotu kola

extract (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban) (PT.

Lansida Herbal, Yogyakarta, Indonesia),

Bisoctrizole (BASF, Germany),

Aristoflex® AVC (Clariant, Switzerland)

Bisoctrizole and gotu kola extract (Centella

asiatica (L) Urban) were formulated into

gel preparations as sunscreens with varying

concentrations and combinations, gel

without active ingredients (F0),

Bisoctrizole 5% single gel (F1), single gotu

kola extract gel 5% ( F2), gotu kola extract

gel 7.5% single (F3), gotu kola extract gel

10% single (F4), Bisoctrizole combination

gel 5% and gotu kola extract 5% (F5),

Bisoctrizole combination gel 5% and gotu

kola extract 7.5 % (F6), a combination of

5% Bisoctrizole gel and 10% gotu kola

extract (F7). Evaluation of the gel

preparation was carried out by physical

evaluation (organoleptic, homogeneity,

adhesion, spreadability, viscosity, and

syneresis), chemical characteristics (pH),

irritation test stability test (cycling test),

and determination of the SPF value of

sunscreen gel preparations in vitro. (UV-

Vis Spectrophotometry).

The research data obtained from 3

replications were collected by direct

measurement and recording methods and

then presented in the form of tables and

graphs. The research data were compared

with the standards set in the literature. The

data obtained from the evaluation results

were analyzed using SPSS ver.26 software

to determine the significant differences in

the characteristics during the storage period

at room temperature, extreme temperatures

(cycling test), and SPF values of

formulation variations.

3. Result

Optimization Results

The composition of Aristoflex® AVC as a

gelling agent is varied, other ingredients are

added including glycerin, propylene glycol,

DMDM hydantoin, and distilled water.

Optimization is done by trial and error

method to determine the gel base formula

that meets the requirements of the

literature.

Table 1.Gel Base Optimization Formula

After knowing the concentration of the best

gelling agent to make a gel base, a gel with

a combination of Bisoctrizole and gotu kola

extract was formulated with eight different

formulations, a gel without active

ingredients (F0), a single 5% Bisoctrizole

gel (F1), a single 5% gotu kola extract gel

(F2). ), gotu kola extract gel 7.5% single

(F3), gotu kola extract gel 10% single (F4),

Bisoctrizole 5% combination gel and gotu

Komposisi

(%)

Aristoflex ® AVC

0,5

0,875

1,25

1,625

Gliserin

Propilen glikol

DMDM Hydantoin

0,6

Akuades

Sampai

100

Sampai

100

Sampai 100

Sampai

100

Sampai 100

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289

kola extract 5% (F5), Bisoctrizole

combination gel 5% and gotu kola extract

7.5% (F6), a combination of 5%

Bisoctrizole gel and 10% gotu kola extract

(F7)

Table 2. Formula for Bisoctrizole sunscreen gel and gotu kola extract

Information:

F0: gel without active ingredients

F1: Bisoctrizole 5% single gel

F2: gotu kola extract gel 5% single

F3: single 7.5% gotu kola extract gel

F4: single 10% gotu kola extract gel

F5: Bisoctrizole 5% combination gel and gotu kola extract 5%

F6: Bisoctrizole 5% combination gel and gotu kola extract 7.5%

F7: Bisoctrizole 5% combination gel and 10% gotu kola extract

Sunscreen Gel Formulation

Aristoflex® AVC was added to distilled

water (75% of total used, temperature 30–

40oC), expanded in a mortar until hydrated

and swelled. Glycerin, propylene glycol,

and DMDM hydantoin were added one by

one, stirring until a smooth gel was

obtained. Allantoin was dissolved in hot

distilled water and put into a gel base. The

gotu kola extract in various concentrations

(Table IV.2) was moistened with residual

propylene glycol and dissolved with

distilled water, put into a gel base.

Bisoctrizole was put into the mixture and

homogenized. The remaining aquadest is

added up to 100%. Stirring is then carried

out with a homogenizer (temperature

25±2°C, RPM 1000) until homogeneous.

The preparation is then put into a container,

and prepared for further evaluation.

Characterization

Organoleptic Test

Organoleptic test was carried out visually

by observing the color, shape and smell of

the preparation.

Composition (%)

Ekstrak pegagan

7,5

Bisoctrizole

Aristoflex® AVC

Gliserin

Propilen glikol

Allantoin

DMDM Hydantoin

0.6

Aquadest

ad 100

ad100

100

ad100

ad 100

ad100

ad 100

ad100

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290

Figure 1. Organoleptic Test

Table 2. Results of homogeneity testing for 28 days at room temperature

pH measurement

pH measurement for 28 days can provide a

stability profile with changes in the pH of

the gel at room temperature storage. The gel

pH decreased every week, but was still in

the skin pH range (4.5–6.5) and met the

requirements based on the Indonesian

National Standard (SNI) No. 16-4399-

1996, namely the range of 4.5-8.0, so it is

still safe to use. The pH value of the

combination bisoctrizole sunscreen gel and

gotu kola extract F5 was 5.02 ± 0.01-5.30 ±

0.01; the pH value of F6 is 4.98 ± 0.02-5.24

± 0.02; and the pH value of F7 was in the

range of 4.96 ± 0.01-5.15 ± 0.01 during the

28 day storage period at room temperature.

Figure 2. Graph of measuring pH values for 28 days at room temperature

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291

Information:

n = 3 times replication

F0 = gel without active ingredients

F1 = single 5% Bisoctrizole gel

F2 = single 5% gotu kola extract gel

F3 = single 7.5% gotu kola extract gel

F4 = single 10% gotu kola extract gel

F5 = 5% bisoctrizole combination gel and 5% gotu kola extract

6 = 5% bisoctrizole combination gel and 7.5% gotu kola extract

F7 = 5% bisoctrizole combination gel and 10% gotu kola extract

Viscosity Test

Viscosity measurements were carried out

using a Brookfield DV-11 viscometer with

spindle number 7 and a speed of 50 rpm.

The test was carried out 3 repetitions with

the aim of ensuring accuracy in

measurement. The viscosity of the

preparations was observed based on the

results of measuring the viscosity values for

28 days at room temperature (±25°C), with

measurements every week. Viscosity value

of bisoctrizole and gotu kola extract was in

the range of 9240 ± 173-8267 ± 122 cps; F6

is in the range of 7600±80-8347±257 cps;

and F7 were in the range of 5993±103-

6507±395 cps during the storage period.

The viscosity value meets the viscosity

requirements for good gel and sunscreen

formulations, based on the Indonesian

National Standard (SNI) No. 16-4399-1996

namely 2000-50,000 cps (Yulyuswarni,

2021). The results of measuring the

viscosity value for 28 days at room

temperature are presented in the following

figure:

Figure 3.3 Graph of Viscosity Measurements for 28 Days at Room Temperature

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292

Information :

n = 3 times replication

F0 = gel without active ingredients

F1= Bisoctrizole 5% single gel

F2 = single 5% gotu kola extract gel

F3 = single 7.5% gotu kola extract gel

F4 = single 10% gotu kola extract gel

F5 = 5% bisoctrizole combination gel and 5% gotu kola extract

F6 = 5% bisoctrizole combination gel and 7.5% gotu kola extract

F7 = 5% bisoctrizole combination gel and 10% gotu kola extract

Spread Power Measurement

Measuring the spreading power of the

sunscreen gel preparation was carried out

by measuring the diameter of the spread of

the preparation with the addition of 0; 50;

100; 150; and 200 g. Spread power

measurement data is represented in Figure

VI.5. and is attached in Appendix 12. Based

on the observations, the spreadability of F5

was in the range of 5.75 ± 0.05-6.13 ± 0.06

cm; F6 is in the range of 6.05 ± 0.09-6.18 ±

0.03 cm; and F7 is in the range of 6.22 ±

0.08-6.38 ± 0.03 cm. This value meets the

spreadability requirements, where the

required spreadability of the gel is 5-7 cm

in diameter (Hanip et al., 2021).

Spreadability describes the ability of the gel

to spread on the skin surface. When the

preparation is easily applied, the contact

area of the active substance with the skin

will be greater along with the ease with

which the preparation can be applied, so

that its efficacy is more optimal.

Spreadability is affected by viscosity, in

which the ability to spread increases if there

is a decrease in viscosity. This is due to the

breakdown of the polymer bonds in the

preparation which ultimately results in an

increasingly dilute preparation (Febriani et

al.,2020)

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293

Figure 3.4. Graph of Spreadability Measurements for 28 Days at Room Temperature

Information:

n = 3 times replication

F0 = gel without active ingredients

F1= Bisoctrizole 5% single gel

F2 = single 5% gotu kola extract gel

F3 = single 7.5% gotu kola extract gel

F4 = single 10% gotu kola extract gel

F5 = 5% bisoctrizole combination gel and 5% gotu kola extract

F6 = 5% bisoctrizole combination gel and 7.5% gotu kola extract

F7 = 5% bisoctrizole combination gel and 10% gotu kola extract

Syneresis Test

Based on observations of gel syneresis for

72 hours of storage at 10 ± 2°C, it showed

that syneresis did not occur in all sunscreen

gel formulas. This is evidenced by the

absence of water from the gel preparation.

The loss of water is considered as a loss of

gel mass, which will be compared with the

initial mass of the gel. The sunscreen gel in

this study has gel stability based on

syneresis testing. This is due to the use of a

gelling agent (Aristoflex® AVC) with a

concentration of 2% which can bind water

more optimally. Based on research (Thahir

& Wahyuni, 2021) syneresis can occur if

the concentration of the gelling agent used

is too small so that it is unable to optimally

bind water and cause water release. The

longer storage time can increase the

potential for syneresis because during that

time the aggregation between the polymer

chains of the gel-forming material

continues to occur. This aggregation is due

to the movement of the polymer chains in

the gel system.

Table 3.3. Syneresis Test Results

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294

Information:

F0: gel without active ingredients

F1: Bisoctrizole 5% single gel

F2: single 5% gotu kola extract gel

F3: single 7.5% gotu kola extract gel

F4: single 10% gotu kola extract gel

F5: combination gel Bisoctrizole 5% and gotu kola extract 5%

F6: combination gel Bisoctrizole 5% and gotu kola extract 7.5%

F7: combination gel Bisoctrizole 5% and gotu kola extract 10%

Determination of SPF Value

The determination of the SPF value was

carried out using the UV-Vis

spectrophotometric method in vitro, with

96% pro-analyzed ethanol as a blank. The

absorbance value of the preparation was

measured, then substituted into the Mansur

equation.

Table 3.4. Result of Determination of SPF (Sun Protection Factor) Value of Sunscreen Gel

Information :

n = 3 times replication

Figure 3.8. Chart of Determination of SPF (Sun Protection Factor) Value of Sunscreen Gel

Jam ke-

Sineresis (%)

Rata-rata

Formula

Average±SD

Information

1,99±0,00

Minimal

24,85±0,11

Ultra

23,98±0,08

Ultra

25,89±0,31

Ultra

26,87±1,28

Ultra

27,73±0,04

Ultra

34,56±0,23

Ultra

37,31±0,36

Ultra

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295

Information:

F0 = gel without active ingredients

F1= Bisoctrizole 5% single gel

F2 = single 5% gotu kola extract gel

F3 = single 7.5% gotu kola extract gel

F4 = single 10% gotu kola extract gel

F5 = 5% bisoctrizole combination gel and 5% gotu kola extract

F6 = 5% bisoctrizole combination gel and 7.5% gotu kola extract

F7 = 5% bisoctrizole combination gel and 10% gotu kola extract

4. Discussion

Characterization

The five gel base optimization formulas

have been evaluated to determine the

physical characteristics of the gel base

which will then be formulated together with

the active ingredients. The results of gel

base optimization (Table VI.2) show that

the five formulas have similar physical

characteristics from the organoleptic

aspect, namely in the form of a semi-solid

gel, clear or colorless, odorless, has a soft

texture and gives a cool impression when

applied to the skin. The five gel base

formulas met the homogeneity criteria by

indicating that there were no coarse grains

or lumps. The value of pH, viscosity,

spreadability and adhesion of F2-F5 is a gel

base that meets the requirements for semi-

solid preparations.

Based on the results of the optimization of

the gel base, the formula used to be

formulated with active ingredients is F5

with a composition of 2% Aristoflex®

AVC and 5% glycerin. F5 has met the

criteria of a good semisolid and gel

preparation. In addition, one of the

properties of the material used is gotu kola

extract which is thick and acidic (pH =

4.98). Based on the Aristoflex® AVC

Technical tip, this acidic environment can

reduce the viscosity of the preparation due

to the nature of Aristoflex® AVC which

can experience a decrease in viscosity due

to polymer cleavage by acid.

Aristoflex® AVC concentration as a

gelling agent is in the range of 0.5-2.0%.

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296

The use of Aristoflex® AVC as a gel base

added with about 5% glycerin can make a

gel with a cloudy appearance more

transparent and does not leave a color

residue (Maharai et al., 2020). Therefore,

optimization of the gel base was carried out

to obtain the best suitable base formulated

with the active ingredient bisoctrizole and

thick gotu kola extract.

Organoleptic test

The results of organoleptic observations

were carried out to see the visual

appearance of the bisoctrizole and gotu kola

extract sunscreen gel preparations and to

show the stability of color, aroma, and

shape at room temperature storage (25℃).

The preparations were observed using the

five senses every week for 28 days. Based

on the results of the organoleptic test, the

combination of bisoctrizole and gotu kola

extract (F5-F7) sunscreen gel has a light

green color. This color is produced by

mixing the color of single gotu kola extract

(F2-F4), which is dark olive green with

white Bisoctrizole (F1). This Bisoctrizole

combination can improve the appearance of

single gotu kola gel preparations (F2-F4)

which are dark olive green in color due to

the high concentration of the extract used.

The more concentration of gotu kola extract

used, the darker the green color. Even

though it looks cloudy visually, it doesn't

leave any color residue when applied to the

skin. The aroma of the bisoctrizole

combination sunscreen gel and gotu kola

extract (F5-F7) is the characteristic aroma

of the extract which is influenced by the

concentration of the extract. Meanwhile,

the overall dosage form of the formula is

semi-solid.Uji Homogenitas

Berdasarkan pengamatan terhadap

homogenitas sediaan, seluruh formula

menunjukkan sifat yang homogen ditandai

dengan tidak adanya butiran kasar maupun

partikel halus yang terlihat pada penampang

kaca objek. Gel tabir surya dikatakan homogen

karena tidak menunjukkan butiran kasar atau

partikel tidak terlarut, tersebarnya warna

secara merata, dan tidak terdapat gumpalan-

gumpalan ketika sediaan dioleskan pada kaca

objek. Artinya, semua sediaan gel yang dibuat

memiliki susunan yang homogen.

pH measurement

The factor that affects the pH value of the

preparation tends to be acidic, namely the

pH of the extract used. The content of

flavonoids in the extract tends to be acidic

(Markham, 1988). Centella asiatica extract

has a pH of 4.98, and is stable in an

atmosphere with a weakly acidic to neutral

pH (Puttarak et al., 2016). The pH value of

the preparation which tends to be acidic is

more or less influenced by the pH of the

extract used as the active ingredient, where

the greater the concentration of the extract,

the more acidic the pH of the preparation.

Meanwhile, changes in pH values during

the storage period can be affected by

temperature, poor storage conditions, other

substances or excipients in preparations

that react with each other, and oxidation

due to contact with CO2 in the environment

(Putra et al., 2014).

Data on pH test results for 28 days of single

Bisoctrizole sunscreen gel (F1) and a

combination of Bisoctrizole and gotu kola

extract (F5-F7) were analyzed statistically.

In the early stages, the normality test

(Shapiro-Wilk) and homogeneity (Levene's

test) were carried out. Based on the

significance value obtained p <0.05, so the

data is not normally distributed, meanwhile

the homogeneity test shows all significance

values are more than 0.05, meaning that the

data variation is homogeneous. Therefore,

data analysis was performed using the

Kruskal-Wallis Non-Parametric statistical

test with a 95% confidence level. The

results obtained were a significance value

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297

of less than 0.05 (p <0.05) for F1, F5, F6,

and F7, so it can be concluded that there

was a significant difference in the pH value

of each formula during the 28 day storage

period at room temperature. Post-Hoc

follow-up tests were carried out on F1, F5,

F6, and F7 to see the differences per day.

Significant differences in the pH value of

Formula 1 during storage at room

temperature occurred on day 0 to days 21

and 28. Formula 5 showed significant

differences on day 0 to days 14, 21, and 28;

and between day 7 and day 28. Meanwhile,

significant changes in Formula 6 occurred

between day 0 and day 21 and 28; as well

as the 7th day with the 28th day. Formula 7

has a difference

Viscosity Test

The viscosity of the sunscreen gel changed

during the storage period at room

temperature. One of the factors that

influence these changes is the use of the

active ingredient gotu kola extract which is

thick and acidic. Based on Aristoflex®

AVC Technical tip, this acidic atmosphere

can reduce the viscosity of the preparation

due to the nature of Aristoflex® AVC

which can experience a decrease in

viscosity due to cleavage of polymeric

acids on long storage. Other factors that

trigger changes in viscosity include

uncontrolled temperature, less tight

packaging which causes the preparation to

absorb moisture from the environment.

These conditions increase the volume of

water in the preparation which will reduce

the viscosity value. The effect of the thick

extract composition also causes a decrease

in viscosity (Safitri et al., 2016), where

observations show that the greater the

concentration of gotu kola extract added,

the lower the viscosity value of the

resulting preparation.

Viscosity test results for 28 days of single

Bisoctrizole sunscreen gel (F1) and a

combination of Bisoctrizole and gotu kola

extract (F5-F7) were statistically analyzed.

As an initial step, the normality test

(Shapiro-Wilk) and homogeneity (Levene's

test) were carried out. Based on the

significance value of the normality test

obtained, p <0.05, so the data is not

normally distributed, meanwhile the

homogeneity test shows all significance

values are more than 0.05, meaning that the

data variation is homogeneous. Data

analysis was then performed using the

Kruskal-Wallis Non-Parametric statistical

test with a 95% confidence level. The result

obtained is that the F1 significance value is

more than 0.05, meaning that there is no

significant difference and has a stable

viscosity. The significance values of F5,

F6, and F7 were less than 0.05 (p<0.05), so

it could be concluded that there was a

significant difference in the viscosity

values of each formula during the 28 day

storage period at room temperature. Post-

Hoc follow-up tests were carried out on F5,

F6, and F7 to see the differences per day.

Significant differences in the viscosity

values of Formula 5 during room

temperature storage occurred on day 0 to

day 14, 21 and 28; and between day 7 and

day 28. Formula 6 showed a significant

difference on day 0 with day 21 and 28; and

between day 7 and day 28. While Formula

7 has a significant difference between day 0

and day 21 and 28; and the 7th day with the

21st and 28th days.

Spreadability Test

Based on statistical analysis of the data

from the spreadability test, the distribution

of the data was not normal (p<0.05) after

being tested with the normality test

(Shapiro-Wilk), but the data had a

homogeneous variance (p>0.05) based on

the homogeneity test (Test Levene's).

Therefore, data analysis was performed

using the Kruskal-Wallis Non-Parametric

statistical test with a 95% confidence level.

Y. D. Mardhiani et al / Indo J Pharm 4 (2023) 286-306

298

The results obtained were that the

significance values of F6 and F7 were more

than 0.05 (p>0.05), meaning that there was

no significant difference and they had a

stable spreadability. The significance

values of F1 and F5 were less than 0.05

(p<0.05), so it could be concluded that there

were significant differences in the

spreadability values of each formula during

the 28 day storage period at room

temperature. Post-Hoc follow-up tests were

carried out on F1 and F5 to see the

differences per day. Significant differences

in the viscosity values of Formula 1 during

room temperature storage occurred on day

0 to day 7 and 28; 14th day with 7th and

28th day. Meanwhile Formula 5 showed a

significant difference between day 0 and

14th, 21st and 28th day.

Determination of SPF Value

The calculation results based on the Mansur

equation, F1 which contains Bisoctrizole

produces an SPF value of 24.85. The

addition of gotu kola extract by 5% on F5

increased the SPF value by 15.64% to

27.83, SPF F6 after adding 7.5% gotu kola

extract increased by 44.12% to 34.56, and

SPF F7 increased by 55.58 % to 37.31.

These results indicate that the addition of

natural ingredients increases the SPF value.

The higher the concentration of the extract,

the SPF value will increase. This is directly

proportional to research (Hashim et al.,

2011) which states that the higher the

concentration of gotu kola extract, the

higher the protection power against UVB

absorbance because the more triterpene

components it contains.

The observed SPF property of Centella

asiatica extract was also due to the presence

of UV absorbing compounds such as

flavonoids. Flavonoids are a group of

naturally occurring polyphenolic

compounds characterized by a flavan core.

The amount of flavonoids produced by

plants is considered an important factor in

protecting plants against ultraviolet

radiation (Lim et al., 2019). The maximum

absorption of UV waves by flavonoids is

230-295 nm and 300-560 nm which are in

the absorption ranges of UVA and UVB

rays. This proves that flavonoids can be

used as natural active ingredients in

sunscreens that can absorb UV radiation

(Dianursanti et al., 2020). The

chromophore groups in phenolic

compounds, especially the flavonoid group,

are able to absorb UVA and UVB radiation,

so they have the potential to reduce the

intensity of skin damage (Salwa et al.,

2020). The addition of natural ingredients

that have antioxidant activity to UV filters

can work synergistically as sunscreens,

with complementary mechanisms.

Antioxidants work on the surface of the

skin as a filter that absorbs or reflects UV

radiation, and also works both on the

surface and in the deep layers of the skin,

and fights oxidative stress, thus providing

fuller and stronger sun protection.

Statistical analysis was carried out to see if

there was a significant difference in the SPF

value of the combination sunscreen gel (F5-

F7) and the single Bisoctrizole sunscreen

control (F1). The normality test (Shapiro-

Wilk) and homogeneity (Levene's test)

were carried out as an initial step. The

results showed that the data were not

normally distributed and were not

homogeneous with a significance value of

p<0.05. Therefore, data processing was

continued with the non-parametric Kruskal-

Wallis statistical test, with a significance

result of 0.016 or p <0.05, which means that

there were significant differences in the

SPF values of sunscreen gels F1, F5, F6,

and F7.

A follow-up test, namely the Post-Hoc Test

was then carried out to find out the

differences in each SPF formula that was

statistically tested, especially against the F1

control, namely Bisoctrizole single

Y. D. Mardhiani et al / Indo J Pharm 4 (2023) 286-306

299

sunscreen gel. Based on the results of the

analysis, there are differences between F1

and F6, F1 and F7, and F5 and F7 which are

indicated by a significance value of <0.05.

Meanwhile, for F1 and F5, F5 and F6, and

F6 and F7 there were no significant

differences because the significance value

was less than 0.05. This shows that the

addition of an extract of 7.5% in F6 and

10% in F7 has a significant effect on

increasing the SPF value of sunscreen gel.

5. Conclusion

The combination of Bisoctrizole and Centella

asiatica (L.) Urban extract can be formulated

into a stable sunscreen gel based on

organoleptic parameters and homogeneity of

adhesion and syneresis. There were significant

differences in the parameters of pH, viscosity,

and spreadability, but all of the evaluation

results were in the good range of sunscreen gel

preparations.

Addition of gotu kola extract (Centella

asiatica (L.) increases the SPF value of

sunscreen preparations containing single

Bisoctrizole (SPF 24.85 ± 0.11). Addition of

gotu kola extract as much as 5% produces an

SPF value of 27.73 ± 0. 04 (increased

15.64%), the addition of 7.5% extract resulted

in an SPF value of 34.56 ± 0.23 (increased

(44.12%), and the addition of 10% extract

resulted in an SPF value of 37.31 ± 0.36

(increased by 55.58%) The increase in SPF

value is directly proportional to the

concentration of the extract.Sunscreen gel

combination of Bisoctrizole and gotu kola

extract (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban) provides

ultra category protection.

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