Optimizing The Empowerment of Rukun Tetangga (RT) and Rukun Warga (RW) to Strengthen Community Participation in Early Detection Radicalism, Extremism, and Terrorism

Early detection of radicalism, extremism, and terrorism is still not optimal. The reason is because of the limitations of the task force and prevention forums in involving the community. Several studies show that community participation is needed in the early detection. Strengthening community participation will be better by empowering organizations that are close to the community such as RT and RW. Therefore


INTRODUCTION
The phenomenon of terrorism has again become a public discussion after the Special Detachment 88 Anti-Terrorism (Densus 88) arrested the management of the Indonesian Ulema Council in mid-November 2021. The officers who were detained were suspected of having links to the terrorist organization Jamaah Islamiyah. This security fact is both an affirmation and a reminder that a criminal act of terrorism can ensnare any community. This incident urges the importance of community involvement in the eradication of terrorism which is followed by the eradication of radicalism and extremism.
In 2004 the United Nations (UN) released an executive summary of a high-level panel to outline the threats, challenges, and changes in the world under the title "A Safer World: Our Shared Responsibility". In the text, six threat clusters are the focus of countries in the world, including 1. Interstate conflicts, 2. Domestic conflicts (including civil wars and genocide), 3. Poverty, infectious diseases, and environmental degradation, 4. Nuclear, Radioactive, Biological and Chemical Weapons, 5. Terrorism and 6. Transnational crime organizations. The text emphasizes the importance of every country's preventive measures to reduce these threats at the national, regional, and global levels.
Correlate with Indonesian policies, terrorism as a cluster of state threats in the UN document is also stated as an actual threat to Indonesia according to the 2015 Indonesian Defense White Paper. Meanwhile, in the Book of Disturbances in Public Security and Order (Kamtibmas) released by the Police Education and Training Institute. RI, terrorism is a crime in one of the asta gatra threats to security and security. The two references make it clear that terrorism (including radicalism, extremism) is a threat to the national goal of protecting the entire homeland of the Indonesian nation. Therefore, it is appropriate that the eradication of terrorism, radicalism, and extremism must be carried out by the entire community Emphasizing community involvement in eradicating radicalism, extremism, and terrorism, the Government has issued Presidential Regulation Number 7 of 2021 concerning the National Action Plan for the Prevention of Violent-Based Extremism Leading to Terrorism 2020 -2024 (RAN PE). RAN PE is the government's commitment to carrying out the mandate of the 1945 Constitution which emphasizes that everyone has the right to feel safe and protected from the threat of fear. Furthermore, RAN PE is also the embodiment of Law no. 5 of 2018 concerning the Crime of Terrorism. RAN PE is prepared to serve as the main guideline for the implementation of overcoming violent extremism that leads to terrorism by all parties. One of the focuses of action in RAN PE is to strengthen awareness, the capacity, and preparedness of stakeholders including the public regarding the risks and threats of extremism that lead to terrorism. This focus is motivated by the not yet optimal early detection system by both the government and the community.
Various efforts to eradicate radicalism, extremism, and terrorism other than through RAN PE have been carried out from upstream to downstream. Eradication upstream is through prevention and early detection. Meanwhile, downstream eradication is taking action to 224 rehabilitation or post-terror recovery. The government, which in this case is the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT), has made a strategic plan for 2020 -2024 through BNPT Regulation No. 1 of 2020 as a step to deal with this threat. Efforts regulated in the regulation include strengthening research-based regulations, optimizing international cooperation, increasing national security, weakening the capacity of terrorist organizations, deradicalization, and law enforcement. In line with the strategic plan, the 2021 Indonesian National Security Strategy Plan (RSKNI) emphasizes the importance of soft power efforts and a multicultural approach to reduce the potential for extremism and radicalism. In addition, terrorism as a military threat is also responded to by the TNI based on the TNI Law as OMSP and Law 5 of 2018 concerning Terrorism. The National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) 2020-2024 has also carried out an inventory of these various efforts in several priority projects and their implementing agencies. As an example, The National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) 2020-2024 has also carried out an inventory of these various efforts in several priority projects and their implementing agencies. As an example, The National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) 2020-2024 has also carried out an inventory of these various efforts in several priority projects and their implementing agencies. As an example, the deradicalization program by BNPT, protection for victims of terrorism by the Ministry of Social Affairs, protection for women and children victims of terrorism violence by the Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection (KPPA), and socialization of criminal acts of terrorism by the Police.
Eradication of terrorism (including early detection) is also carried out regularly by several special agencies, such as the BNPT, the Special Anti-Terror Detachment 88 (Densus 88) of the Indonesian National Police, and the Special Operations Command (Koopsus) of the TNI. While eradication is generally carried out by the Civil Service Police Unit (Satpol PP) and the Community Protection Unit (Satlinmas) to maintain security, order, and public peace. BNPT has institutional extensions in the form of the Prevention Task Force, the Community Early Awareness Forum (FKDM), and the Terrorism Prevention Coordination Forum (FKPT). The TNI and Polri have deployed village or kelurahan level personnel such as Bintara Pembina Desa (Babinsa) and Bintara Pembina Keamanan dan Ketertiban (Babinkamtibmas) in terms of prevention and deterrence. On the other hand, the National Police also has the Police and Community Partnership Forum (FKPM).
Although a number of the above efforts have been launched, their implementation deserves to be evaluated, especially in the implementation of the prevention function by these various actors. Research by Setiabudhi, et al (2018) found that there was the ineffectiveness of FKPT in some areas due to the lack of synchronization of multi-elemental administrators. Not only FKPT, but research by Taskarina (2018) also states that the task force formed by BNPT so far has been considered ineffective. Problems with the operation of the task force formed by the BNPT have overlapping and poorly coordinated tasks and functions. Meanwhile, the implementation of the FKDM in Bali, which functions to increase awareness and early detection of radicalism and terrorism, is considered to be still not optimal because there are areas of duty that are not reported at all (Fahreza, 2020). On the other hand, The Police and Community Partnership Forum (FKPM) which involves Babinkamtibmas as an equal link in managing issues and information regarding security and security, turns out to be less of innovation because many types of similar security forums also encourage community involvement. (Setiawan, 2018).
Focusing on the form of community participation that is embodied in the community protection unit (Satlinmas), research by Ardianto (2017) finds that there are still many limitations in the early detection of the threat of terrorism. A serious evaluation is needed regarding the development and capacity building of Satlinmas members to understand their duties and functions because they are still not comprehensive so it has an impact on the execution of their roles in the field (Kinasih & Pramono, 2018). Another weakness of the Satlinmas in some areas is the lack of interest from productive circles in filling these positions. Youth are reluctant to become members of Satlinmas because there is no adequate salary as a fixed income (Gumelar, 2018).
Seeing the condition of the implementation of policies to prevent radicalism, extremism, and terrorism which still do not meet expectations, more adequate solutions are needed. One of the discourses that cannot be underestimated is the need for counter-terrorism efforts by involving elements of the closest organizations to the community, such as the Rukun Tetangga (RT) and the Rukun Warga (RW). Zulfikar and Aminah (2013) explained that the role of RT and RW still needs to be improved in countering terrorism so far, so further studies are needed to optimize them. In line with this argument, Zuhdi, et al (2020) are of the view that increasing the capacity of RT and RW in carrying out all their duties (including in the security sector) still needs to be done. Supporting this argument, Rapik, et al (2020) stated that in a work program, FKPT is actually able to coordinate intense and continuous activities in a way that involves more RT and RW are under the supervision of their citizens from attacks and influences of radical, extreme and terrorism. The discourse on RT and RW activation in the prevention of social issues is also in line with Mulyono's (2000) view that obstacles in preventing social problems such as the limited quantity of personnel and coordination and communication constraints between the government and the community can actually be resolved with the involvement of RT and RW administrators. Aminah (2016) mention the importance of improving the public awareness system from the national level to RT and RW so that there is continuity from macro to micro policies. Community participation in realizing early awareness is very important, it can even be considered as the main factor for the success of early detection of various threats, challenges, obstacles, and disturbances to maintain security starting from the family, RT and RW, hamlets, villages/kelurahan to the provincial environment. and national (Sennen, 2019).
Based on the facts above, the author considers it important to analyze the role of RT and RW as the frontline for the early detection of extremism, radicalism, and terrorism. The results of the analysis are then used to identify efforts that can be made in optimizing the deterrence of extremism, radicalism, and terrorism in RT and RW organizations that have an impact on strengthening community empowerment. On the other hand, studies have been conducted such as by Zulfikar and Aminah (2013), Ardianto (2017), Sennen (2019), Zuhdi, et al (2020) have not discussed the roles of RT and RW specifically and in-depth. So that this study becomes a new and different thought that will be useful for the government in implementing RAN PE as well as an input for strengthening RT and RW organizations. For the wider community, This paper 226 provides an overview of the ideal RT and RW organizations, so that they are encouraged to participate in revitalizing these organizational functions, especially in terms of security maintenance.

LITERATURE REVIEW Countering Radicalism, Extremism, and Terrorism
Based on Article 1 Paragraph 2 of Law number 5 of 2018 concerning the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Terrorism, the government defines terrorism as an act of using violence or threats of violence that creates a situation of terror or widespread fear of people and causes mass victims, by seizing people's property. others, which cause damage or destruction of strategic vital objects, the environment, public facilities, and international facilities. Violence is defined as any use of physical force that is against the law and causes harm to others. Mostofa (2012) defines terrorism as an act or threat of violence against a random target that results in mass destruction, death, fear, and despair. to enforce the will. AC Manullang (in Komariah, 2017) explains the notion of terrorism as a way of forcibly gaining power from other groups, triggered among others due to religious, ideological, and ethnic disputes as well as economic disparities, as well as a deadlock in public communication with the government or due to acts of separatism and fanaticism ideology.
Starting from the various definitions of terrorism above, the elements of terrorist actors are objectively considered to come from all walks of life. Terrorism can be carried out by individuals from minority or majority groups in social interaction. This is in line with the categorization of crime events by Quinney (in Mustofa, 2012), namely by the ruling class and the people. Crime by the authorities (crime of domination or repression) is usually driven by reasons of domination and coercion of will over the interests of the ruler. Through various legal-rational reasons, the rulers dared to take repressive steps that were not in line with norms and democracy. Crime by community groups (crime of accommodation or rebellion) is dominated by reasons of discrimination and injustice. For this group, fighting for a just, honorable, and righteous life cannot be done with a democratic mechanism. This makes them believe that acts of terror are the only way to convey rational values/ Terrorism acts are carried out in various ways. In general, acts of terrorism are physical acts such as shootings, bombings, suicide bombings, and stabbings. In the last five years, BNPT noted that there have been terror bombs in public spaces in 2015 and 2018, suicide bombings in 2016 and 2017 as well as stabbings of Public Officials, namely the Coordinating Minister for Politics, Law, and Security in 2019. Apart from physical attacks, acts of terrorism can also use chemical weapons (Armawi & Suhendar, 2010), use radioactive and nuclear materials (Mamat and Kautsar, 2016), through sabotage and environmental pollution (Kafrawi, 2019), through communication and cyber networks (Setiawan, 2020), as well as with weapons. biology or bioterrorism (Soeliongan, 2020).
The results of research by Sarwanen (2019) stated that in general acts of terrorism were motivated by factors of belief, ideology, finance, politics, sociology, psychology, and education. These factors support the research by Setiyawan (2017) which reviews the reasons for terrorists based on the theory of necessities of life by John Burton. This study concludes that the motive for terrorism grows because of feelings of frustration due to the lack of fulfillment of primordialuniversal needs, resulting in acts of aggression. Meanwhile, research by Reksoprodjo, et al (2018) has categorized the main motivations for acts of terrorism such as: 1. Socio-Political Factors. This factor is triggered by dissatisfaction with a social life to encourage the behavior of radicalism that imposes the will. 2. Religious Emotion Factors. This factor was triggered by fanatical religious sentiments and hasty conclusions. 3. Cultural Factors. This factor is triggered by the indoctrination of violence that has become entrenched in society so that it is reactive to respond to inappropriate policy issues. 4. Ideological Factors. This factor is triggered by ideological conflicts that are fanatically imposed 5. Government Policy Factors. This factor is triggered by the assumption that government policies do not provide solutions or even make people miserable.
Compared to separatism, terrorism is only a method to achieve the goals of separatism. The Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia (2007) through the Academic Text of the Terrorism Law explained that separatism originated from an ethnic group that felt its existence was threatened because of another group due to the development of a nation-state. Separatism is what later became an option for the form of struggle in realizing the nationalist ambitions of ethnic groups who felt threatened by the existing system. Terrorism was chosen as a way to carry out actions that create a situation so that their existence and goals are exposed so that the world sympathizes with their struggle. However, history records that separatism is not only caused by the desire for nationalism alone. Hartati (2010) collects other factors that cause separatism such as ideology, political tyranny, economy, and intentional foreign intervention.
The increasing escalation of terrorism as a global threat is in line with the increasing prevalence of violent extremism. The development of this extreme mindset is driven by conditions, structural context, and a massive radicalization process. The structural conditions and contexts referred to are driving factors such as economic inequality, low social cohesion, poor governance, human rights violations, discrimination, weak social control, weak law enforcement, and prolonged conflict. Meanwhile, radicalization is a process of making a person be closed-minded and dare to take violent methods for personal or group interests. This is influenced by aspects of insight, religious understanding, and the intensity of interaction with radical or extreme groups.
The extremism that leads to terrorism is an understanding or act based on violence that supports or commits acts of terrorism. The background of this understanding includes the risk of communal conflict caused by socio-cultural sentiments including religion, economic problems, 228 extreme political differences, feelings of disappointment over injustice, and intolerance or discrimination.
According to the Bahasa Dictionary, radicalism is defined as an understanding or sect that requires changes in social and political matters using violence or drastic. Radicalism also has a different assessment of the political situation, namely justifying and even obliging an act of violence involving politics as the only way to change political conditions (McCauley & Moskalenko, 2011).
In line with this understanding, according to Cross (2013) radicalism is a terminology within the scope of social and political movements as a process, practice, or set of beliefs that make a person radical. The practice of radicalism is often associated with several actions that lead to illegality. According to him, radicalism represents the extreme side of political action and involves acts of violence based on belief. On the other hand, Cross also explained that radicalism develops the idea that an acceptable way for society to change the situation is not enough in an ordinary way, so extraordinary steps are needed.

Optimization of Organizational Empowerment for Strengthening Community Participation in the Security Sector
Optimization is the process of achieving results as expected effectively and efficiently. According to the Bahasa Dictionary (2016) optimization comes from the word optimal and is commensurate with the word optimization. The meaning of optimization is the act or activity of making something the highest or best. This is in line with the notion of optimizing in the Cambridge Dictionary (2021) it is explained that optimizing is a process to make something as good or effective as possible.
Meanwhile, the concept of empowerment is based on the Actors Theory, which was initiated by Sarah Cook and Steve Macaulay in their book, Perfect Empowerment, which was released in 1996. This theory was explained by Karjuni Dt. Maani (2011) states that empowerment is done by growing empowerment in the form of authority, competence, trust, opportunity, responsibility, and support. Maani also mentioned that the empowerment actors are government and non-government organizations. In line with Actors Theory, according to Brian Christens (2019), empowerment means being able to (to able), gives ability (to allow), and authorize (to permit) either through their initiative or triggered by others. Meanwhile, in the context of organizational empowerment, the implementation of Actors Theory means an order to enable and provide opportunities for organizational members and administrators to carry out management functions within the scope of their responsibility, both individually and in groups. So that the optimization of organizational empowerment can be broadly interpreted as increasing the potential of the organization (Hayati, 2020) Optimization of organizational empowerment must be able to encourage community participation. Community participation in tackling radicalism, extremism, and terrorism is a very urgent necessity (Windiani, 2017). Mikkelsen's (2001) participation theory divides participation into six definitions, namely, First, participation is a voluntary contribution from society to perform a task without participating in decision making. Second, participation is to make the community sensitive to increase the willingness to accept and respond to development efforts. Third, participation is voluntary involvement by the community in determining and implementing its changes. Fourth, participation is a process of free initiative in doing something. Fifth, participation is also in the form of dialogue involvement between the community and the parties in planning, implementing, monitoring, and monitoring a program. Sixth, participation is community involvement in the development of themselves, their lives, and their environment.
Related to the problem of this study, community participation is focused on their involvement in environmental security monitoring. This is considering that early detection is one of the spectrum of supervision or monitoring in countering terrorism based on Presidential Decree No. 7 of 2021 concerning RAN PE. The principles of supervision that can be adopted in the context of security citing the opinion of Ulbert Silalahi (2016) include, first, supervision must take place continuously. Second, supervision must find, assess and analyze conditions objectively. Third, supervision is carried out, especially at strategic places or activities that have the potential for cases to occur.
The public has the right and obligation to participate in defending the country against terrorism and extreme ideologies. This is because terrorism and extreme ideology are categorized as threats to security and order disturbances (kamtib) and are part of the threat to national defense. Community involvement is considered to increase the effectiveness of policy implementation (Rahim, 2013). This is supported by the results of research by Tjandrawati (2010) and Fahreza (2020) who assess the weakness of early detection of threats to security and order and defense can be addressed by increasing community participation. High awareness of the community to be able to participate significantly in preventing and tackling crime problems to be able to work together with multiactors, to overcome various crimes that arise in the community, where the public needs to immediately report all necessary information related to crime (Wahyudin, 2016).

Security and public order according to Article 1 paragraph 5 RI Law no. 2 Th 2002 about
Indonesian National Police is a dynamic condition of society as one of the initial conditions for the implementation of the national development process to realize national goals marked by ensuring security, order, and upholding the law as well as the establishment of peace. The peace that is fostered contains the meaning of building and developing the potential and strength of the community in preventing, preventing, and overcoming all forms of law violations and other forms of disturbance that can disrupt the community. Any situation or condition that can disturb/endanger the security and social order, state survival, and community development. Community threats arise from potential threats inherent in Astagatra aspects, in the form of J u r n a l M a n a j e m e n P e l a y a n a n P u b l i k V o l . 05 No . 02, Fe b r u a r y 2 0 2 2 230 Potential Disturbance, Disturbance Threshold, and Real Disturbance. Eight aspects of national and state life consist of Panca Gatra (Ideology, Politics, Economics, Socio-Cultural, and Defense), Tri Gatra (Geography, Demography, and Natural Resources). Included in this crime is terrorism, both as a transnational crime and an independent act.
The form of community involvement in preventing radicalism, extremism, and terrorism so far has been the provision of easy and broad access to reporting, providing advice, and participating in providing advice. Eradication of crimes of radicalism, extremism, and terrorism in Indonesia needs to involve the participation of the community. Kelly, et al. (2005) revealed that the community is an actor in determining their own needs when carrying out crime prevention activities. Schneider (2014) argues that society has a central role in crime prevention. Prevention holds the following principles, first, society is an effective crime prevention actor. Second, society must be able to identify and respond to long-term and short-term needs in crime prevention efforts that need to bring together individuals from various sectors to tackle crime. Third, all policies to prevent crime must be supported by the whole community.
Therefore, it is necessary to foster a sense of togetherness and awareness of the potential dangers of the threat of acts of terrorism, empower capacity, develop intense coordination between related parties to assist in preventing and overcoming acts of terrorism. Trust is one of the important social capital to build community, both for the community itself and its relationship with other communities. Social capital is the basis for building cooperation in people's lives to achieve common goals in national development (Syafar, 2017). A community is a place where social action (social action) arises in response to the consequences and challenges of an event. The existence of the community is very important to respond to conditions concerning security and order. In Ferdinand Tonnies's theory of social groups, the existence of RT and RW is an example of gemeinschaft of place because the relationship between citizens in an administrative area is based on a sense of unity, a sense of solidarity, and the same identity.

RESEARCH METHODS
The method used in this paper is library research with data and information sources from books, journals, documents, and legal products (Harahap, 2014). The data collected is secondary data by conducting literature studies and literature studies (Indahsari & Raharja, 2020). This study utilizes a digital database to collect sources relevant to countering extremism, radicalism, and terrorism. The data and information selected are only those that meet the principles of recency and relevance.
The stages in this research are based on the research formula by Darmalaksana (2020) with the following stages, first conducting a search and collecting library sources. Then proceed with classifying based on the concept or theory taken. Furthermore, data and information processing is carried out which includes information citation, abstraction, and interpretation or discussion. At this stage of processing each piece of data is explained its meaning so that it is easy to interpret. The last stage is to conclude.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The Role of RT and RW in Early Detection of Radicalism, Extremism, and Terrorism
Early detection of radicalism, extremism, and terrorism is a gateway for prevention efforts by observing the characteristics, symptoms, behavior of groups and individuals exposed to radicalism, extremism, and terrorism (Wahyurudhanto, 2018). The purpose of early detection is to provide early warning for individuals, communities, and governments to avoid the threat of terrorism or exposure to thoughts of extremism and radicalism. Early detection and early warning are needed to prevent the sudden occurrence of various threats. Early detection is the government's obligation to overcome every symptom of radicalism, extremism, and terrorism that has the potential to cause crime and disrupt the stability of the nation and society (Adjie, 2005). However, according to the results of the Wahid Institute's research in 2009, the success of early detection depends on the involvement of all elements of society which can be encouraged by involving community institutions that support the government starting from the lowest level (closest to the community).
Rukun Tetangga (RT) and Rukun Warga (RW) are social institutions partnering with the government as regulated in Minister of Home Affairs Regulation Number 5 of 2007. In general, RT and RW have functions, one of which is to foster a sense of community unity and integrity to strengthen the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. Indonesia. In particular, this institution functions, one of which is to maintain security, order, and harmony among citizens. This function is in line with the concept of non-military defense against non-military threats of extremism, radicalism, and terrorism. On the other hand, the task of this organization as well as a village and sub-district community institution is to become a partner of the Village and Subdistrict Government in implementing, mobilizing, empowering the community in a participatory manner. Based on the above regulations, the role of RT and RW organizations in matters of defense and security is quite important.
It is time for the central government's policies and programs in the field of defense and security to directly involve the RT and RW administrators as the organizations closest to the community. The activity of RT and RW in the early detection of radicalism, extremism, and terrorism can stimulate public participation. The role of RT and RW can affect the condition of the community as the results of research by Lutfi Firdaus and Nany Yuliastuti (2015). It is believed that this influence can also encourage the creation of a society that is more cohesive and sensitive to the security environment. In addition, the existence of RT and RW amid society will help the community to more easily access information, dialogue with community leaders, and report conditions that lead to acts of radicalism, extremism, and terrorism. This is in line with Mikkelsen's Participation Theory.
The massive involvement of RT and RW in efforts to combat radicalism, extremism, and terrorism, especially in early detection, will narrow the space for terrorist groups to move. This is because every inch of the residential area in Indonesia is in the RT and RW areas. Therefore, In addition, the involvement of RT and RW in surveillance or early detection is superior to existing prevention forums and security units. At least these advantages include: 1. The existence of RT and RW is more permanent to ensure the continuity of response efforts and have a clearer workflow. 2. RT and RW have adequate human and financial support. 3. RT and RW function without limitation of time and place, thus guaranteeing the speed of response or fast deterrence. 4. RT and RW have a hierarchy that continues with the local government to reduce the overlapping authority that has been occurring between forums and units.

Identification of Efforts to Optimize RT and RW Organizational Empowerment
After knowing the role of RT and RW organizations in increasing early detection of radicalism, extremism, and terrorism, the next step is how to optimize the empowerment of RT and RW. In this case, identification is based on several factors which include, facilities and infrastructure, effective and efficient work mechanisms, and human resources.

Early Detection Facilities and Infrastructure by RT and RW
Facilities and infrastructure are devices, equipment, and supplies needed to support the tasks and functions of the organization. The facilities needed to support the function of early detection of radicalism, extremism, and terrorism by RT and RW organizations include, among others, (1) the RT secretariat and RW hall as a gathering room and inventory storage warehouse; (2) educational and socialization tools such as laptops, projectors, whiteboards, and stationary; (3) supporting devices for environmental security such as security and security posts, surveillance cameras (CCTV) placed in vulnerable corners of the RT environment; (4) means of communication such as telephone and internet connection. Meanwhile, the required infrastructure includes, among others, (1) data on the social conditions of the residents; (2) internet packages; (3) reporting and action data; (4) security patrol schedule.

Budget for Early Detection by RT and RW
The budget or funding for RT and RW activities so far only consists of stimulants for operational activities. As social institutions, RT and RW are not part of the government that receives special salaries. The stimulant fund is not an honorarium or salary for RT and RW administrators. However, the government needs to view that the allocation of assistance for RT and RW operations is a security investment that supports conducive development. So the amount of operational stimulus needs to be adjusted to the strategic functions of the RT and RW, especially in terms of early detection.
Funding support for early detection by RT and RW includes support for routine meeting activities, education, and outreach, as well as security system operations. These operations can also be used as incentives to increase the motivation of RT and RW administrators to be more serious in carrying out their duties and functions.
The financial governance of RT and RW organizations should be simplified. The imposition of taxes is also recommended not to be too high so that RT and RW programs and activities can be optimal. Finally, financial management by RT and RW organizations still needs to be transparent and accountable even though the amount is not too large.

Human Resources (HR) of RT and RW in Early Detection
Early detection activities require RT and RW management human resources who have adequate knowledge, understanding, and skills regarding tackling extremism, radicalism, and terrorism. This is triggered by the fact that the perpetrators of terrorism and propagator of extremism and radicalism are educated people (Brym and Araj, 2006;Usmita, 2012;Safitri, 2015). To achieve this target, the government that fosters RT and RW organizations plays a very important role in increasing capacity through training programs, technical guidance, and coaching on a regular and measurable basis.
Human resource development for RT and RW management starts from the recruitment process. Research by Zuhdi, et al (2020) found the fact that work as RT and RW administrators was considered less attractive due to disproportionate compensation factors, low awareness of the importance of RT and RW functions, and the assumption that this work was only a voluntary service activity. The position of the RT and RW management should not be considered as a formality and an alternative activity to find busyness. Efforts to increase the attractiveness of RT and RW to increase the number of registrants are carried out by adopting a new public management concept that positions RT and RW as if it were a business sector organization. The characteristics of the concept make RT and RW as public organizations more competitive, valuable, look modern and dynamic (Indahsari & Raharja, 2020).
In addition, the HR management of RT and RW is strived to increase the motivation of the management and also needs to consider the implementation of appropriate performance management and reward management. Performance management is carried out by ensuring that RT and RW organizations have clear and measurable activity controls.
Meanwhile, reward management is implemented through the provision of incentives or rewards as well as procedural sanctions or punishments. Incentives need to be given to administrators who actively participate in capacity building, socialization, education, and monitoring of symptoms of extremism, radicalism, and terrorism. Meanwhile, sanctions will be applied to RT and RW administrators who are proven to have carried out counterproductive activities to prevent extremism, radicalism, and terrorism.

Working Mechanisms for Early Detection of Extremism, Radicalism, and Terrorism
Komarudin Simanjuntak (2015) emphasizes the development of a security early detection mechanism that can answer problems of cooperation and integrated handling between related parties and community activities. The mechanism requires the existence of a community with a high level of concern and awareness. In other words, the social control mechanism will be able to work effectively if the community has high social cohesion. Therefore, striving for high social cohesion in society is a must in the context of preventing radicalism, extremism, and terrorism (Mustofa, 2012). This is considering the reality of the proliferation of radical and extreme understanding in individual societies.
The research result by Ariani, et al (2018) found that RT and RW organizations act as reinforcement of social cohesion through a variety of community-based activities such as community service, joint gymnastics, joint recreation, or regular recitations. People who have high social closeness easily recognize symptoms or indications of radicalism. extremism, or terrorism so that the community can ask the RT management to coordinate with the RW and security forces at the village/kelurahan level to explore issues and take persuasive actions. These persuasive actions include education, outreach, and monitoring for some time to be evaluated. If the evaluation results do not show the development of the expected behavior, RT or RW administrators can directly report the concerned citizen to the competent authorities accompanied by evidence and a history of persuasive actions that have been carried out. In this early detection mechanism, the main action needs to be to ensure that the dangers of extremism and terrorism can be broadcast by involving local figures and all citizens. So that information about extremism and terrorism will reach the public. With a mechanism like this, Nugroho (2017) believes that the community is expected to be active in kamtib activities such as turning on the security and security system and cultivating early and fast reporting. So that information about extremism and terrorism will reach the public. With a mechanism like this, Nugroho (2017) believes that the community is expected to be active in kamtib activities such as turning on the security and security system and cultivating early and fast reporting. So that information about extremism and terrorism will reach the public. With a mechanism like this, Nugroho (2017) believes that the community is expected to be active in kamtib activities such as turning on the security and security system and cultivating early and fast reporting.
Another effort that can be taken is to hold regular meetings or discussions with RT and RW management as a means of updating information on the security condition of the area. Updating the information is also supported by the implementation of door-to-door community visits. The door-to-door visit method is quite effective and by the principles of security management in uniting the community and in and out of foreigners in residents' areas, as stated by Wardana (2020) in his research.

CONCLUSIONS
Eradication of crimes of radicalism, extremism, and terrorism in Indonesia needs to involve the participation of the community. The form of community involvement in preventing radicalism, extremism, and terrorism is to provide easy and broad access to reporting, providing advice, and participating in providing advice. Several studies have shown that granting access needs to involve elements of the closest organizations to the community, such as the Neighborhood Association (RT) and the Community Association (RW). Thus, it is important to analyze efforts to optimize the empowerment of RT and RW organizations, which can broadly be interpreted as increasing the potential of the organization.
In general, RT and RW have a function, one of which is to foster a sense of community unity and integrity to strengthen the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. In particular, this institution functions, one of which is to maintain security, order, and harmony among citizens. This function is in line with the concept of non-military defense against non-military threats of radicalism, extremism, and terrorism. Meanwhile, the task of this organization as a social institution is to be a partner of the Government in implementing, mobilizing, empowering the community in a participatory manner.
Based on the description above, the role of RT and RW organizations in matters of security and defense is quite important. So far, the role of RT and RW organizations has not been optimal and not much involved in security functions. So that an analysis of optimizing the role of RT and RW as organizations closest to the community needs to be done. The active role of RT and RW in preventing crime has a very positive impact on improving early detection management and will provide more accurate information to the government about the current condition of the community due to social and geographical proximity to the community. The empowerment of RT and RW in increasing early detection of radicalism, extremism, and terrorism is carried out through improvements in several factors which include, 1. Facilities and infrastructure, 2. Budget, 3. Human Resources and 4. Effective and efficient work mechanisms.