A review of the role of pollination on the yield of cocoa plant

Dani Dani; Dewi Nur Rokhmah

doi:10.24198/kultivasi.v21i3.41513

A review of the role of pollination on the yield of cocoa plant

Dani Dani, Dewi Nur Rokhmah

Abstract

Abstract

Yield of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) plant, in form of cocoa seeds, is produced through the process of sexual reproduction. Pollination plays an important role in the successful formation of cocoa fruit and seeds. In addition, number of ovules per ovary, degree of self-incompatibility, and xenia effect are also affected the final yield. Those characters are determined by genetic factors. Cocoa flowers that are not pollinated fall within 24 hours and fail to develop into fruits and seeds. Pollination intensity up to a certain level showed a significant effect on increasing the percentage of fruit formation and the number of seeds per fruit. The role of pollinating insects, especially from the Ceratopogonidae family, is very important in dispersing pollen grains, allowing the natural pollination process to be occurred.

Keywords: fertilization, xenia, meta-xenia, pollinator.

Abstrak

Hasil tanaman kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) adalah berupa biji yang dihasilkan melalui proses reproduksi seksual. Polinasi memegang peranan penting dalam keberhasilan pembentukan buah dan biji tanaman kakao. Selain itu, hasil akhir tanaman kakao juga dipengaruhi oleh karakter jumlah ovul per ovarium, tingkat inkompatibilitas sendiri, dan efek xenia. Karakter-karakter tersebut dikendalikan secara genetik. Bunga kakao yang tidak diserbuki akan gugur dalam waktu 24 jam dan gagal berkembang menjadi buah dan biji. Intensitas polinasi hingga level tertentu menunjukkan pengaruh yang nyata terhadap peningkatan persentase pembentukan buah dan jumlah biji per buah. Peran serangga penyerbuk, terutama dari famili Ceratopogonidae, sangat penting dalam menyebarkan polen sehingga proses polinasi secara alami dapat terjadi.

Kata Kunci: pembuahan, xenia, meta-xenia, polinator

Keywords

fertilization; xenia; meta-xenia; pollinator

Full Text:

PDF

References

Abbas, M.F., H.A. Abdulwahid, and K.I. Abbas. 2012. Effect of pollen parent on certain aspects of fruit development of Hillawi date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in relation to levels of endogenous gibberellins. AAB Bioflux, 4(2): 42-47.

Adewale, D.B., O.O. Adeigbe, O.I. Sobowale, and O.S. Dada. 2014. Breeding value of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) for pod and bean traits: A consequential advance in Nigerian cocoa breeding program. Not. Sci. Biol., 6(2): 214-219.

Adjaloo, M.K. 2012. Pollination ecology of upper amazon cocoa and breeding substrates of cocoa pollinators in the ejisujuabeng district of the ashanti region, Ghana. A doctoral thesis submitted to the Department of Wildlife and Range Management Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology.

http://ir.knust.edu.gh/bitstream/123456789/6892/1/MICHAEL%20KODWO%20ADJALOO.pdf.

Adjaloo, M.K., W. Oduro, and B.K. Banful. 2012. Floral phenology of upper amazon cocoa trees: Implications for reproduction and productivity of cocoa. ISRN Agronomy Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 461674, 8 pages.http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/461674.

Adjaloo, M.K. and W. Oduro. 2013. Insect assemblage and the pollination system of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L). Journal of Applied Biosciences, 62: 4582–4594.

Adjaloo, M.K., B.K.B. Banful, and W. Oduro. 2013. Evaluation of breeding substrates for cocoa pollinator, Forcipomyia spp. and subsequent implications for yield in a tropical cocoa production system. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 4: 203-210.

Al-Khalifah, N.S. 2006. Metaxenia: Influence of pollen on the maternal tissue of fruits of two cultivars of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Bangladesh J. Bot., 35(2): 151-161.

Anita-Sari, I. and A.W. Susilo. 2011. Indikasi pengaruh xenia pada tanaman kakao (Theobroma cacao L.). Pelita Perkebunan 27(3): 181-190.

Bahia, R.C., R.X. Corrêa, R.C Santos., R.C.R. Machado, E.D.N. Luz, I.S. Araújo, and D. Ahnert. 2013. Inheritance of the number of ovules per ovary and selection of cacao genotypes. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 4: 1387-1392.

Berbiye, I.Y. 2014. Raw cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) quality parameters – with special reference to West Africa. PhD thesis, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, 144p.

Bozinovic, S., J. Vancetovic, S. Prodanovic, Z. Camdzija, M. Stevanovic, N. Grčić, and M. Crevar. 2012. Different xenia effect on sterile and fertile versions of hybrid in maize. In Third International Scientific Symposium "Agrosym Jahorina 2012". http://www.agrosym.rs.ba/agrosym/agrosym_2012/dokumenti/2_biljna_proizvodnja/38_PP_Bozinovic_Sofija.pdf. Downloaded at 10 September 2015.

Cilas, C., R. Machado, and J.C. Motamayor. 2010. Relations between several traits linked to sexual plant reproduction in Theobroma cacao L.: number of ovules per ovary, number of seeds per pod, and seed weight. Tree Genetics & Genomes, 6(2): 219-226.

Clement, D., A.M. Risterucci, J.C. Motamayor, J. N’Goran, and C. Lanaud. 2003. Mapping quantitative trait loci for bean traits and ovule number in Theobroma cacao L. Genome, 46: 103–111.

Denney, J.O. and G.C. Matin. 1990. Xenia and metaxenia: Definitions and other boundaries. Hort Sci., 25(9): 1169.

Denney, J.O. 1992. Xenia includes metaxenia. Hort Sci., 27(7): 722-728.

Elisabeth, D.A.A. 2009. Keragaan mutu biji kakao kering dan produk setengah jadi cokelat pada berbagai tingkatan fermentasi. Jurnal Matematika, Sains, dan Teknologi, 9(1): 36-46.

Falque, M., C. Lesdalons, and A.B. Eskes. 1996. Comparison of two cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) clones for the effect of pollination intensity on fruit set and seed content. Sexual Plant Reproduction, 9(4): 221-227.

Fattahi, R., M. Mohammadzedeh, and A. Khadivi-Khub. 2014. Influence of different pollen sources on nut and kernel characteristics of hazelnut. Scientia Horticulturae, 173: 15–19.

Ford, C.S. and M.J. Wilkinson. 2012. Confocal observations of late-acting self-incompatibility in Theobroma cacao L. Sex Plant Reprod. ©Springer-Verlag 2012. DOI 10.1007/s00497-012-0188-1.

Frimpong, E.A., B. Gemmill-Herren, I. Gordon, and P.K. Kwapong. 2011. Dynamics of insect pollinators as influenced by cocoa production systems in Ghana. Journal of Pollination Ecology, 5(10): 74-80

Frimpong-Anin, K., M.K. Adjaloo, P.K. Kwapong, and W. Oduro. 2014. Structure and stability of cocoa flowers and their response to pollination. Journal of Botany, 2014, Article ID 513623, 6 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/513623.

GarcíaAlamilla, P., V.W. González-Lauck, E. De La Cruz-Lázaro, L.M. Lagunes-Gálvez, R. García-Alamilla. 2012. Description and physical properties of Mexican criollo cacao during post‐harvest process. Rev. Iber. Tecnología Postcosecha, 13(1): 58-65.

Glendinning, D.R. 1972. Natural pollination of cocoa. New Phytol., 71: 719-729.

Groeneveld, J.H., T. Tscharntke, G. Moser, and Y. Clough. 2010. Experimental evidence for stronger cacao yield limitation by pollination than by plant resources. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 12: 183-191.

Jafari, M., B. Shiran, G. Rabiei, R. Ravash, B.E.S. Tabatabaei , P. Martı´nez-Go´mez. 2021. Identification and verification of seed development related miRNAs in kernel almond by small RNA sequencing and qPCR. PLOS ONE. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260492

Liu, Y. 2008. A novel mechanism for xenia? Hort Science, 43(3): 706.

Lopes, U.V., W.R. Monteiro, J.L. Pires, D. Clement, M.M. Yamada, and K.P. Gramacho. 2011. Cacao breeding in Bahia, Brazil - strategies and results. Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 11(spe): 1013-1030.

López, M.E., O.A. Ramírez, A.Dubón, T.H.C. Ribeiro, F.J. Díaza, A. Chalfun-Junior. 2021. Sexual compatibility in cacao clones drives arrangements in the field leading to high yield. Scientia Horticulturae, 287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110276.

Menteiro, W.R., U.V. Lopes, and D. Clement. 2009. Genetic improvement in cocoa. In S.M. Jain and P.M. Priyadarshan (Eds.), Breeding Plantation Tree Crops: Tropical Species. USA: Springer Science & Business Media, 654p.

Nair, K.P.P. 2010. The Agronomy and Economy of Important Tree Crops of the Developing World. Elsevier, 368p.

de Nettancourt, D. 2013. incompatibility and incongruity in wild and cultivated plants. Springer Science & Business Media, 322p.

Nugroho, A., T. Atmowidi, and S. Kahono. 2019. Diversity of pollinator insects and fruit set of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) [Diversitas serangga penyerbuk dan pembentukkan buah tanaman kakao (Theobroma cacao L.)]. Jurnal Sumberdaya Hayati, 5(1): 11-17.

O’Doherty, D.C. and J.J.K. Zoll. 2012. Forcipomyia hardyi (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), a potential pollinator of cacao (Theobroma cacao) flowers in Hawaii. Proceedings of the Hawaiian entomological society, 44: 79–81

Olfati, J.A., Z. Sheykhtaher, R. Qamgosar, A. Khasmakhi-Sabet, Gh. Peyvast, H., Samizadeh, and B. Rabiee. 2010. Xenia and metaxenia on cucumber fruit and seed characteristics. International Journal of Vegetable Science, 16(3): 243-252.

Piotto, F.A., K.D. Batagin-Piotto, M. de Almeida, and G.C.X. Oliveira. 2013. Interspecific xenia and metaxenia in seeds and fruits of tomato. Sci. Agric., 70(2): 102-107.

Royert, S., W. Phillips-Mora, A.M.A. Leal, K. Cariaga, J.S. Brown, D.N. Kuhn, R.J. Schnell, and J.C. Motamayor. 2011. Identification of marker-trait associations for self-compatibility in a segregating mapping population of Theobroma cacao L. Tree Genetics & Genomes. ©Springer-Verlag 2011. DOI 10.1007/s11295-011-0403-5.

Sabir, A. 2015. Xenia and metaxenia in grapes: differences in berry and seed characteristics of maternal grape cv. ‘Narince’ (Vitis vinifera L.) as influenced by different pollen sources. Plant Biology, 17: 567–573. doi: 10.1111/plb.12266.

Santos, R.C., J.L. Pires, and R.X. Correa. 2012. Morphological characterization of leaf, flower, fruit and seed traits among Brazilian Theobroma L. species. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol., 59: 327–345.

Saripah, B. 2013. Population enhancement of cocoa pollinator, Forcipomyia spp. Agronomi. In: Malaysian International Cocoa Conference (MICC), 7th & 8th October 2013, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Sasikumar, B. 2010. Vanilla breeding – A review. Agric. Rev., 31(2): 139-144.

de Schawe, C.C., W. Durka, T. Tscharntke, I. Hensen, and M. Kessler. 2013. Gene flow and genetic diversity in cultivated and wild cacao (Theobroma cacao) in Bolivia. Amer. J. Bot., 100(11): 2271–2279.

Silewska, H., J. Adamczyk, H. Gygert, J. Rogacki, G. Szymanska, K. Smiatacz, K. Panasiewicz, and K. Tomaszyk. 2014. A comparison of controlled self-pollination and open pollination results based on maize grain quality. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 12(2): 492-500.

Silva, C.R.S., P.S.B. Albuquerque, F.R. Ervedosa, J.W.S. Mota, A. Figueira, and A.M. Sebbenn. 2011. Understanding the genetic diversity, spatial genetic structure and mating system at the hierarchical levels of fruits and individuals of a continuous Theobroma cacao population from the Brazilian Amazon. Heredity, 106: 973–985.

Sukha, D.A. 2008. The influnce of processing location, growing environment and pollen donor effects on the flavour and quality of selected cacao (Theobroma cacao) genotypes. PhD thesis, University of West Indies, St. Agustine, Trinidad, 283p.

Susilo, A.W., Sobir, D. Wirnas, and A. Wuriandari. 2020. Estimation of genetic components of cocoa populations (Theobroma cacao L.) in seedling phase (Pendugaan nilai komponen genetik populasi kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) pada fase bibit). J. Agron. Indonesia, 48(1):83-88.

Tan, G.Y. 1990. Combining ability analysis of yield and its components in cacao. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 115(3): 509-512.

Tsuda, M., K. Konagaya, A. Okuzaki, Y. Kaneko, and Y. Tabei. 2011. Occurrence of metaxenia and false hybrids in Brassica juncea L. cv. Kikarashina × B. napus. Breeding Science, 61(4): 358–365. http://doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.61.358.

Wahyudi, T., T.R. Panggabean, and Pujiyanto (Ed). 2008. Panduan Lengkap Kakao. Penebar Swadaya, Jakarta, 364 pp.

Zakariyya, F., E. Sulistyowati, and D.S. Rahayu. 2016. Abundance of pollinator insect (Forcipomyia spp .) of cocoa under some shade trees. Pelita Perkebunan, 32(2): 91-100.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/kultivasi.v21i3.41513