MATERIAL PROCESS IN THE ENGLISH CLAUSE: FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR APPROACH

This research is entitled Material Process in English Clause: A Functional Grammar Approach. This research discusses three main points: (1) the verbs can be categorized into material process; (2) the participants involve in the material process; and (3) the clause patterns of material process. This research employs a Functional Grammar Approach (FGA). This research method used is descriptive method, which employs paraphrases and reference techniques. The result of this research shows that (1) the verbs: run, kill, make, destroy, give, sing, play, break, go, snore, sleep, buy, bit, put, paint, and consider can be categorized into the verbs of material process; (2) the participants involve in the material process can be agent, affected, effected, recipient, beneficiary, range, and instrument; and (3) the clause patterns of material process can be intransitive, monotransitive, ditransitive, and complex transitive.


INTRODUCTION
There are many ways of describing the grammar of a language. One of the approaches sees grammar as a set of rules, which specifies all the possible grammatical structure of the language.
There is a clear distinction between grammatical (or well-formed) sentences and ungrammatical sentences. The important thing in this approach is with the forms of grammatical structures and their relationship to one another, rather than with their meanings or their uses in different contexts. Another approach sees language first as a system of communication and grammar analysis to discover how it is organized to allow the speakers and writers to make exchange in meanings. The focus is on appropriateness of a form for a particular communicative purpose in a particular context rather than insisting on a clear distinction between grammatical and ungrammatical forms. The former approach to a grammatical analysis often called formal while the later approach is called functional.
This article is an introduction to understand Functional Grammar Approach (FGA). Some linguists can also call this approach as Systemic Functional Approach (SFA), Systemic Approach (SA), Systemic Linguistics (SL), or Functional Semantic Approach (FSA). Halliday (1985) established this approach, in his popular book, An Introduction to Functional Grammar. FGA views language as a resource for creating meaning, attempts to describe language in actual use and so focus on texts and their contexts, and also concerns not only with the structures but also with how those structures construct meaning. In FGA, the clauses can be analyzed based on the three points of functions which are called metafunction. The metafunctions are clauses as message, clauses as exchange, and clauses as representation. In clause as message, it can be analyzed as theme and rheme, and in clause as exchange it is as mood and residue, while in clause as representation, the clause involves transitivity; process, participants, and circumstance. Halliday in Deterding & Poedjosoedarmo (2001: 112) argues there are six different types of process; material, mental, relational, verbal, existential, and behavioural processes. This article discusses the material process as a part of clause as representation. Process that is events which occur or states that exist, participants involved in those processes, both people and things, and circumstances, such as the time or place at which the process occurs or the manner in which it is done.
Process expressed linguistically by a verb or a verb phrase. Participants expressed by noun group (including pronouns). Circumstances expressed by adverbials, including adverbs, adverbial group and prepositional phrase.
(1) They go to school every day. partisipant process circumstance circumstance Data (1) shows that they as partisipant, go as process, and both to school and every day as circumstance.
Based on the illustration above, the writer is going to do the researh based on the three following questions: (1) What kind of verbs can be categorized into material process?
(2) What kind of participants involve in the material process?
(3) What kind of clause pattern consists of material process?

METHODS
The methods applied in this researh is descriptive. This research method used is descriptive method (Djajasudarma, 1993), which employs substitution and reference techniques, as follows: Substitution: (1) He went to school by bus (process of doing).
(2) He rode his bicycle to school (process of doing).

Reference:
(3) Our neighbor painted his house green. S/ agent VG/material O/ affected Co/ resulting attribute

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
According to Halliday in Bloor & Bloor (1995: 9) the relationship between the forms of utterances and the types of meaning they can express is a complex one which is based on the principle that what speakers say makes sense in the context in which they are saying it. He claims, in addition, that all adult language is organized around a small number of "functional components" which correspond to metafunctions (or the purposes which underlies all language use) and that this metafunction meaning has a systemic relationship with the lexicogrammar of the language. Based on his model at the clause representing simultaneously there are three different types of meaning. They are experiential meaning, interpersonal meaning, and textual meaning. The experiential meaning discusses clause as representation, the interpersonal meaning discusses clause exchange, and the textual meaning discusses the clause as message. In this article the writer talks about the clause as representation: experiential meaning. The experiential meaning expressed by both the functional constituents of traditional grammatical analysis (subject, verb, object, complement, and adverbial) and by the semantic roles, which they represent, such as agent or actor, the person or thing, which initiates an action (Poedjosoedarmo & Deterding, 2001: 106). Lock, 1996: 9 argues that "Experiential meaning has to do with the ways language represents our experience (actual and vicarious) of the world as well as the inner world of our thoughts and feelings. In other words, it concerned with how we talk about actions, happenings, feelings, beliefs, situations, states, and so on, the people and things involved in them, and the relevant circumstances of time, place, manner, and so on."

Process, Participant, and Circumstance
When we discuss the semantic roles, of course, we discuss the process, participant, and circumstance. According to Deterding & Poedjosoedarmo (2001: 112), process that is events which occur or state that exist, participants involved in that process, both people and things, and circumstances, such as the time or place at which the process occurred or the manner in which it was done.

Material Processes: Intransitive Verb Clause
Material processes typically have a subject with the participant role of agent. It can be in intransitive, monotransitive, ditransitive, and complex transitive clauses. Intransitive verb is a verb which can be followed by nothing or adverbial(s) only. Based on the name, intransitive is the opposite of transitive. The verb called transitive is the verb which is followed by object(s). On the other hand, intransitive verb is a kind of verb which is not followed by object(s). Intransitive verb clause is one of the clauses, characteristically has intransitive verb. The followings are the data, begins from intransitive clause.
(1) I go to school every day.
S V Verb go (1) is an intransitive verb, because it is not followed by an object, it is followed by two adverbials; to school and every day. As has been discussed before, an intransitive verb can be followed by adverbials, as data (1), or nothing as data (2). The two adverbials on (1), to school as a prepositional phrase which is called adverb of place and every day, noun group as an adverb of time.
(3) She is sleeping. S V Data (3) shows that the sentence can also consist of an auxiliary verb (is) and a main verb (sleep). From the three data above, it can be said that verbs go and sleep can be categorized into intransitive verbs.
(4) He ran. agent material In data (4) shows that the subject is an agent. An agent is an actor, a person or sometimes an animal that does something. In the intransitive clause above, it shows that he is an agent. The verb ran above is a kind of material process; the verb is a process of doing the writer concludes the data (4) is an intransitive clause which can be categorized into material process.

Material Process: Transitive Verb Clause
A clause with objects is called a transitive verb clause. There are three kinds of transitive verb clauses in English: mono-transitive verb clause, ditransitive verb clause, and complextransitive verb clause.

Mono-transitive Verb Clause
A mono-transitive verb takes a single direct object. The verbs buy (5), kill (6), and bite (7) are mono-transitive verbs in the following English sentences.

O/NG
The three noun groups: a new car (5), the bird (6) and him (7) traditionally are concerned as the direct objects of the three sentences above. So, they can be called as mono-transitive verb clauses.
Based on the data above, we can also find the material process in monotransitive clauses as follows.
(8) They killed the deer. agent material affected (9) He made a cake. agent material effected Both of the clauses above are monotransitive, but they have a different participant role, in (8) the deer as an affected and (9) a cake is an effected. Both of the affected and effected are direct objects. We can make a distinction between affected and effected: affected that is someone or something that something happens to, and effected that is something which comes into being as a result of the process. We can see in (9) a cake did not exist before he made it.

Ditransitive Verb Clause
Di-transitive verb clause is a one of the clauses that has a ditransitive verb. A ditransitive verb in English, takes two objects. Some of linguists call them as a direct and indirect object or primary and secondary. The indirect object or the secondary refers to the living creature, and the direct object or primary refers to the non-living creature.
(10) They gave Amelia a Golden Globe.
indirect direct object object Amelia and a Golden Globe are objects, indirect object and direct object. Amelia can be switched places with a Golden Globe by added a preposition to before Amelia, as follows: (11) He gave the bill to Mr. Reinhart.
(12) The bill was given to Mr. Reinhart by him.
(13) *Mr. Reinhart was given to the bill by him.
The data (13) shows that the preposition to cannot be added to direct object. We can do a passive test to make sure whether the direct object is the bill or Mr. Reinhart. The data (13) shows that Mr. Reinhart is not the direct object, because it cannot be changed into a subject in passive voice.
Not only preposition to but also preposition for can be added to the indirect object when they do switch places. For example, verb made as a ditransitive verb takes two objects her children and a cake on data (14).
(14) She made her children a cake.
indirect direct object object The two objects her children and a cake can be switched places by added preposition for before the indirect object, her children on data (15).
(15) She made a cake for her children.
(16) *She made her children for a cake.
(17) A cake was made for her children by her.
(18) *Her children were made for a cake by her. The passive test can be applied to identify a direct or an indirect object, such as data (17) and (18). The data (16) and (18) are not correct, because indirect object cannot be changed into subject in a passive voice. Consider the following data (19) (19a) is also a mono-transitive verb, but in other case, data (19b) is a ditransitive verb (the verb is followed by two objects), and data (19c) is a complex transitive verb (the verb is followed by object and object complement). The writer conclude, the verb make can be monotransitive, ditransitive, and also complex transitive verb clauses. The followings are the data of ditransitive clauses, which the grammatical indirect object has a semantic role of recipient.
(20  (20) and (21) are ditransitive clauses, but the two indirect objects have different semantic roles. In data (20), the indirect object her friend is a recipient and me (21) is a beneficiary.
In material process, sometimes, inanimate forces such as earthquake and storms bring about and we call the semantic role of the subject of the clause force (22).
(22) The earthquake destroyed the building. force material affected There are two additional participants for material process, range and instrument. Range refers to semantic role of the direct object of a verb in which the verb and object form a semantic unit, such as sing a song (24) or play tennis (25).
(23) They sang a song in the party. agent material range circumstance (24) They played tennis. agent material range The following (25) and (27)  In data (25) with the semantic role of a hammer is instrument. As we have known before, the instrument can be omitted in data (26). Data (27) shows the clause has no agent mentioned, so the subject is the instrument itself.

Complex Transitive Verb Clause
We have discussed mono-transitive and ditransitive verb clauses before, now we discuss complex transitive verb clause. Complex transitive clause is a clause that contains a complex transitive verb as a main verb. If a mono-transitive verb is followed by an object, and a ditransitive verb followed by two objects, complex transitive verbs are group of verbs that can be followed by both an object and a complement or an adverbial. The two data above (28) and (29) show that complex transitive verbs, put and buy are followed by adverbials upstairs and before joining the class. So, the pattern of the sentences is S V O Ad. Now consider the following data.  (30) and (31) show the clauses are complex transitive verb clauses. They have complex transitive verbs; painted (paint) and consider. Both of the verbs are followed by objects (his house and John) and object complements (green and a leader). Based on the participant roles, the writer found our neighbor and we are the agent, his house and John are affected, and green and a leader are resulting attribute.
(32) The rain made their clothes wet. causative agent material affected resulting attribute Here, in data (32) shows that the clause is complex transitive clause, which involves the rain as the causative agent, their clothes as affected, and wet as resulting attributive.

CONCLUSION
Based on the result of the research, it can be concluded that (1) run, kill, make, destroy, give, sing, play, break, go, snore, sleep, buy, bit, put, paint, and consider are verbs of material process; (2) the participants of the material process can be agent, affected, effected, recipient, beneficiary, range, and instrument; (3) the clause pattern of material process can be intransitive, monotransitive, ditransitive, and complex transitive.