MAPPING POLITICAL THEORY USING BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS

The purpose of this study is to determine the development of the study of political theory. This research is very important to be studied to see the tendency of previous researchers in studying political theory. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. In this study, the data used is data that has been downloaded from the Scopus database with some limitations to limit and be more specific on the results of the discussion. After the documents to be reviewed and analyzed bibliographically using VOSViewer and NVivo 12 Plus software, the data is exported in .CSV and .RIS formats. the findings in this study can map the study of political theory and provide an overview of the dominant topics being discussed so as to bring up newness in further research.


INTRODUCTION
In terms of terminology, political science is the study of the art of government, public interaction, compromise, consensus, and the power and distribution of resources in public affairs (Winarno, 2013). In the philosophy of science, a scientific discipline is likely to have the same object of study as other sciences but has differences in its form (Syafiie, 2017). Likewise, political science has adopted many other social sciences (material objects). However, political science has a specificity in the definition of power, which Roskin (2020) is interpreted as the vertical hegemony of political actors over other actors.
In recent decades, many studies have explored the history of political science (Craig, 2020). Furthermore, Hood, King, and Peele (2014) describe how the development of politics at the University of Oxford, where the book examines institutions, plantations, funding, research, and curricula that are organized into broader intellectual and institutional development.
Meanwhile, experts who are members of the International Political Science Association have divided political science disciplines into more detailed sub-disciplines, namely; political science, political institutions, political behavior, comparative politics, international relations, political theory, administration and public policy, political economy, and political methodology (Nur, 2014). The scope of concepts discussed in political theory is: society, social class, state, power, sovereignty, rights and obligations, independence, state institutions, social change, political development, and modernization (Sitepu, 2012).
There are various theories in political science, for example, the political view of Niccolo Machiavelli, Jean Bodin, John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu, Robert Nozick (Haryanti and Pujilestari, 2019), to new approaches such as feminism, as well as loan ideas such as isolationism which are borrowed from journalistic language (Nur, 2014). These political theories are political theories born from the development process of political science thinking, namely; traditionalism, behavioralism, and postbehavioralism, which Budi Winarno calls a school of political science (Winarno, 2013).
This paper aims to describe the map of the development of political theory research globally, which is elaborated using the VOSviewer and NVivo 12 plus software. The documents reviewed are documents indexed in the Scopus database. The data processing in VOSviewer software is one of the research analysis techniques used to assess a researcher's impact (individual), research group, institution, country, or journal. This analysis is considered essential because it provides insights far beyond the scope of the journal (Ibraín Enrique Corrales-Reyes, Juan José Reyes-Pérez 2016; Jain et al. 2015;Krauskopf 2018;Perianes-Rodriguez, Waltman, and van Eck 2016;Restrepo and Willett 2017).
Furthermore, the authors also conducted an analysis using NVivo 12 plus software by categorizing Mapping Political Theory Using Bibliometric Analysis (Muhammad Syaifuddin, Suswanta, Misran dan Syamsul Bahri Abd. Rasyid) themes related to "theory of political science," as well as relationships, mapping, and dominant topics in the map of research development on "theory of political science." The difference between this paper and previous research is in the data processing and analysis tools. This article uses VOSviewer software and is supported by NVivo 12 plus to strengthen the research results.

METHODS
This research uses qualitative methods with literature study. Qualitative research prioritizes extracting, discovering, reading, explaining, and conveying the explicit and tangible meaning or symbols of data from the data collected. Meanwhile, according to Danandjaja (in Sari, 2020), library research is a systematic scientific bibliographic analysis method, including collecting bibliographic materials related to research objectives, collection techniques with the literature method, and organizing and presenting data. So, it can be concluded that qualitative research methods with literature study techniques are data collection techniques based on finding written data such as notes, books, papers or articles, journals, and so on (Wicaksono et al. 2020). In bibliometric studies, data can be obtained from a primary, secondary, or tertiary journal covering a certain period and analyzed from various angles to determine the institution's distribution of articles, authorship patterns, citation patterns, and article length. Distribution of items, breakdown of articles by topic, and many other bibliographic attributes (Panda, Maharana, and Chhatar 2013).
This study aims to determine the development of research on political theory studies from 2016 to 2020 so that the authors set a year limit for documents taken, namely 2016 to 2020. This year's limitation is to see the study of political theory in the last year. Five years. The source of this research data is from the Scopus database. Then the data is stored in RIS format for further processing using VOSviewer software, in Figure 1. The flow and stages of data collection and processing describe how researchers carry out the data collection process to data processing.
The authors chose Scopus as the database in data collection in this study (Hakim, 2020). Scopus is a database containing citations and abstracts monitored by experts in their fields, and in determining quality, documents uploaded to Scopus must go through peer review. According to the author, the publication journals in Scopus are quality worthy of being used as a source of data in this research. Several previous studies have defined Scopus. Scopus is a database containing tens of millions of Elsevier's scientific literature (Saleh and Sumarni 2016).
After the data collection process through Scopus, the data is processed through the software VOSviewer. VOSviewer itself is a data science processing software that has an output on Bibliometric Maps. The difference between VOSviewer and software equally bibliometric mapping is that VOSviewer pays special attention to the graphical representation of the bibliometric map. Based on the table, it can be seen that the keywords used explicitly in the search for political science theory in the Scopus database.

Document Type and Number of Publication
In this study, researchers searched and analyzed data from the Scopus database (www.scopus.com) on "Political Theory" using several keywords. Keywords can be seen in table 1 above. Data were taken with a period from 2016-2020. The data search results found 230 research documents divided into two types of documents: articles and review articles. Article documents are 210 documents (91%), and review articles documents are ten documents (9%).
Source: Analysis Research on www.scopus.com

Figure 2. Document type and number of publication
In Figure 2 and Table 2, it can be found that research on the "Political Theory" in the last five years has not experienced much change, either a significant decrease or increase. In 2018 study on "Political Theory" on the type of article decreased from the previous year. The type of document review experienced an increase from 2017 and became the most in the last five years.

Source of Publication
Based on the results of the analysis of research on the Scopus database (www.scopus.com) about "Political Theory" in 2016-2020, (Figure 3) shows a graphic of the publication of each source, some have increased, some have even decreased. Not all sources publish "Theory of Political Science" every year.
The most published document data source is the British Journal of Sociology with several 15 documents, but in 2020 the British Journal of Sociology did not find any publications on this source. Then in second and third place, Politics and The Life Science and the Swiss Political Science Review in 2016-2020 published six documents on "Theory of Political Science." Next, Sustainability Switzerland published five papers, and Sage Open posted four documents (Table 3).
Source: Analysis Research on www.scopus.com

Countries/Territories with the Most Publicants
Research on the "Theory of Political Science" is carried out by many countries. From the search results on the Scopus database (www.Scopus.com) 2016 to 2020 with a limited research year, it can be found that the top 10 countries publish "Political Theory" (Figure 5).
Source: Analysis Research on www.Scopus.com

Figure 5. Countries/Territories with the most publications
The United Kingdom is the country with the highest number of publications of 80 documents. In second place is the United States, with some publications of 45 papers. Then Germany with 13 papers. After that, Netherlands and Spain (9 papers), Australia and Canada (8 papers), Switzerland (7 papers), Austria and Norway (6 papers) (Table 4).

Publication of Documents by Affiliation
Based on the results of the analysis from a search on the Scopus database (www.Scopus.com), it can be found that the number of document publications on "Political Theory" from 2016 to 2020 mainly was published by the University of Oxford

Visualization Networking Based on Keywords
Bibliometric analysis was performed by creating a network visualization based on keywords, country, and title and abstract using VOSViewer software to determine the bibliometric network consisting of nodes and edges (Figure 7), (Figure 8), (Figure 9). The nodes represented by circles can be publications, journals, researchers, or keywords (van Waltman 2014, 2016)we use innovative full-text citation analysis along with supervised topic modeling and network-analysis algorithms to enhance classical bibliometric analysis and publication/author/ venue ranking. By utilizing citation contexts extracted from a large number of full-text publications, each citation or publication is represented by a probability distribution over a set of predefined topics, where each topic is labeled by an author-contributed keyword. We then used publication/citation topic distribution to generate a citation graph with vertex prior and edge transitioning probability distributions. The publication importance score for each given topic is calculated by PageRank with edge and vertex prior distributions. To evaluate this work, we sampled 104 topics (labeled with keywords. Meanwhile, Edge indicates a relationship between two nodes, and the strength of the relationship is represented by distance. The closer the distance between the nodes of the nodes, other showed a high correlation between nodes (Aribowo, 2019).
Mapping and clustering are contemporary, complementing each other. Mapping can be used to obtain a detailed description of a bibliometric network (Waltman, van Eck, and Noyons, 2010). For the cluster itself, it has the aim of gaining insight or an overview of bibliometric grouping (Aribowo 2019a). In the visualization shown in Figure 7, each circle represents a keyword or term that frequently occurs, taken from the title and abstract of the document. Each process's size indicates the number of publications with a relationship with the word, either in the title or in the paper's abstract. The bigger the circle's size, the greater the number of articles relevant to that keyword or term. The terms that are close to each other in visualization, for example, the relation between Social Theory and Epistemology in the green circle on the left, are more intimate than the connection between Social Theory and Ethnography.
From the analysis, it was found that from the metadata of 230 documents, with the number of keywords that appeared three times, it was found that 66 keywords from 977 available keywords resulted in eight clusters (Table 5) (5 dominant clusters, three minority clusters), each of which each can be identified based on its color classification.

Visualization Networking Based on Countries
From the results of processing 230 documents to determine the country of origin of each paper's authors in "Political Theory" in 2016-2020, 33 items were found with 7 clusters (Table 6).

Inter-Topic Networking in Theory of Political Science in 2016-2020
Researchers also conducted mapping and clustering analysis of the relationship between the topics discussed in "Theory of Political Science." From the results of this analysis (Figure 9), the topic theory most often appears in the "theory of political science" from 2016 to 2020, and the color label shows that there are 4 clusters of topics discussed in the "theory of political science." Source: by Author use VOSViewer With the number of topics that appeared ten times, we found 108 out of 6694 themes and resulted in 4 clusters with 76 items in them (Table 7).

Source: by Author
VOSViewer uses the primary color red-bluegreen (RGB) in every visualization it produces. Density visualization of the results shown in Figure 10 explains that the node adjacent to each other between nodes with nodes other displays dense regions.
The yellow color accompanying some topics indicates the saturation level of the many issues that often appear. These colors include theory, article, study, analysis, context. In other words, these topics are often researched. Simultaneously, the issues accompanied by green color include gender, impact, Mapping Political Theory Using Bibliometric Analysis (Muhammad Syaifuddin, Suswanta, Misran dan Syamsul Bahri Abd. Rasyid) ideology, education, and legitimacy. These topics have not been thoroughly studied in the 2016-2020 period. This indicates t research gap in the "theory of political science" so that the opportunity to research topics accompanied by green is still extensive.

Categorization, Relationship, Mapping Themes Categorization of Themes
To analyze the categorization between themes in 230 documents of "theory of political science" from 2016 to 2020, sourced from the Scopus database (www.scopus.com). Researchers used NVivo 12 Plus software. Figure 10 shows ten main topics in the "theory of political science" from 2016 to 2020: political, theory, social, sciences, studies, research, approach, analysis, policy, and public. Source: by Author use VOSViewer From the categorization of themes processed with the Auto Code feature on the NVivo 12 Plus software with a choice of identification themes, ten political theme categorizations emerged. This theme is the most studied by previous researchers, namely, theory, social, science, study, approach, analysis, policy, public. Furthermore, each of these themes is further divided into several indicators. In Figure 12. Above, it can be seen that the development of research on the theory of political science has a comprehensive, complex, and interrelated scope. Also, because political science cannot be separated from humans, it is interesting to care about political science. The three sub-topics of each topic in figure 12 above are the ones that have the highest score in the analysis based on the feature Auto Code of the NVivo 12 Plus software for 230 documents indexed by Scopus (www.scopus.com).

Linkages Between Themes
A study using NVivo Plus 12 also shows a definite relationship between "theory of political science" with the topics of theory, politics, science, studies, research, approach, analysis, policy, public (table 9). The coefficient of jacquard itself is used to measure correlation (Wang et al., 2013). Jaccard coefficient or correlation coefficient to calculate the similarity between sample sets. This metric is often used to measure similarity to compare chemical compounds (Cao, Jiang, and Girke 2010)and cannot handle today's large compound databases with several million entries. Results: In this article, we introduce a new algorithm for accelerated similarity searching and clustering of very large compound sets using embedding and indexing (EI. The Jaccard coefficient can also be found in various fields, such as searching for similarities via the web, detecting similar documents (Murugesan et al. 2010), and network analysis. Although this relationship has different Jaccard coefficient values, the policy themes and the other nine themes confirm that this study cannot be separated from the topics of theory, political, science, studies, research, approach, analysis, policy, and public. The relations and coefficient values between themes can be seen in Figure 13 and Table 9.
Source: by Author use NVivo 12 Plus Figure 13. The relationship between themes calculated by Jaccard's coefficient

Dominant Topics in the Map of Research Development
Based on the analysis of Word Frequency queries using NVivo 12 Plus software on 230 research documents indexed by Scopus to explore the words that appear most frequently in the development of research on "Political Theory" from 2016 to 2020, the most dominant and strongly related words/topics in these documents are theory, political, science, studies, research, approach, analysis, policy, public. For more details, the most dominant research topic on the "theory of political science" can be seen in Table 10.    Table 10 displays the value of each word visualized from 230 Scopus indexed documents that have the format of.RIS in the last five years (2016)(2017)(2018)(2019)(2020). From the 50 made-up stories, the writer took the 20 words that had the most significant frequency and their relationship with the development of research on political science theory. Table10 above shows that the word university is the most outstanding value with 2683, followed by political with 2644. It is followed by other words such as social, science, journal theory, politics, and international political science theory in 2016-2020.

DISCUSSION
The validity of the findings is narrowed by the weakness of the keyword-based intrinsic bibliometric analysis. The author's research with explicit operationalization and equally restrictive political theory research has resulted in some works on political theory. Furthermore, this research concentrates on published academic studies, with outputs produced by nonprofit organizations, non-governmental organizations, government departments, and think tanks. Despite these methodological limitations, there are clear patterns and movements in the data that relate to others, thus lending some exciting ideas. Few political theory types of research in different international journals explicitly discuss theoretical investigations.
Furthermore, several types of research place their investigations in the context of modern theoretical arguments and the implications or intentional theoretical contributions. The lack of political theory is not new in other fields of study; however, it is prevalent in other related disciplines of science and technology, such as information technology, information systems security, internet use, energy, and water sector studies. This is because the related theoretical study of political theory is a necessary applied component of studying science and technology and places it more complex.

CONCLUSION
Based on the results of the discussion, the following conclusions can be drawn. 1. The development research for the [2015][2016][2017][2018][2019][2020] period are publications in 2019. 2. The journal that published the most political theory research articles is the British Journal of Sociology, 15 documents. 3. The most productive institutions/ affiliates that publish political theory research is the University of Oxford 4. The most productive country in publishing political theory research articles is England, name and the most types of research during the 2015-2020 period were articles. 80 Documents In addition, this study also discusses political theory, which includes 4 clusters and has seven main topics. Furthermore, it can be seen that there are 78 concepts from 230 articles obtained from the Scopus database.
The results of the review with VOSviewer show that there are six cluster concepts, namely, cluster one, the related concepts are theory, influence, legitimacy, ideology, cluster 2, which emphasizes the concept of approach, concept, social science, society Cluster 3 is related to the concept of community democracy power, practice cluster 4, Framework, political theory, contribution. In addition, the dominant themes of previous researchers are grouped into ten main categories: Political, theory, science, policy, studies, analysis, public, research, approach. Finally, lima topics have a strong relationship with political theory: Political, social, studies, research, approach, analysis, public policy. Therefore, this research contributes to mapping political theory studies that overview the dominant topics being discussed. The limitation of this research is that the articles reviewed are only sourced from the Scopus database, so they do not have comparative data. Therefore, further research needs to use a comparative analysis approach involving the Scopus database and the Web of Sciences (WoS).