Vol 3, Issue 3, 2021 (99-115)
http://journal.unpad.ac.id/idjp
*Corresponding author,
e-mail : y.herdiana@unpad.ac.id (Y. Herdiana)
https://doi.org/10.24198/idjp.v3i3.37660
2021 Y. Herdiana et al
Indonesian Halal Pharmaceutical: Challenges and Market Opportunities
Yedi Herdiana*1, Taofik Rusdiana2
1Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy,
Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
email: y.herdiana@unpad.ac.id
Submitted :05/01/2022, Revised :25/01/2022, Accepted :25/01/2022, Published :07/02/2022
Abstract
The halal food market has grown worldwide, including the shift from food to other
products, including halal pharmaceuticals (HPC). The growth followed by the
abundance of literature has been on halal, especially pharmaceuticals. Muslim
consumers need halal certification (HCT) on medicines to ensure that they do not
consume or use products or services that are not halal. The government must
guarantee to Muslim consumers that consumer goods or services circulating in the
community are truly halal. The halal label itself will increase consumer confidence,
expand the reach of the global halal food market, and increase the marketability of
products in the market. Indonesia, which is predominantly Muslim, is considered a
long extension in implementing HP until 2034. Different attitudes are shown by
several countries with large non-Muslim majority populations but are very
concerned about the implementation of HPC. The accelerated growth of knowledge
of halalness, impact social media, will push the industry to implement HPC. In this
review, we will discuss critical players in implementing HPC, including the
ingredients that have been widely used but still doubt their halalness and what they
are used for in the pharmaceutical industry. This knowledge is essential for industry
and researchers to build safer alternative materials.
Keywords: Halal, Indonesia, Muslim, Halal Pharmaceutical, Halal Certification.
1. Introduction
There are around 1.8 billion
Muslims globally (1); Indonesia is the
country with the largest Muslim population
in the world (2). The accelerated growth of
Muslim awareness in the world will
accelerate the recognition of halal products
as a new benchmark for safety and quality
assurance (3–5). Although at the beginning
of the development of the halal industry,
most of the attention was paid to halal food,
it has penetrated other sectors, including
pharmaceutical drugs and medical devices
(Majdina 2021). Halal drugs contain halal
ingredients and are produced according to
Islamic law (6–10). Therefore, medicines
are increasingly a health need. This
condition will encourage the obligation of
HCT for the pharmaceutical industry (6,11–
13). Many of the obstacles faced can be
seen from the low number of halal-certified
products, which is 0.5% of the total halal-
certified products. The situation can be
ironic; simultaneously, countries with small
non-Muslim populations are trying to build
a halal industry, such as Japan (14–16),
South Korea (17,18), Australia (16,19), and
others. They have released several drugs
with HCT. However, foreign companies
wishing to market their products in
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Indonesia must first apply for a halal
certificate unless they have a halal
certificate as long as the Halal Certificate
issued by a foreign halal institution has
collaborated on recognition (20). The
potential and opportunities of the global
halal industry in the future are enormous
and promising (21).
There is no conflict between the principles
of halal and technological developments.
The application of halal standards in the
meat industry has improved the quality of
the modern meat industry (22). It turns out
that halal standards take science and animal
welfare into account (23). Implementation
of HTC increasing revenue and
performance of business plant (24,25).
A medicine comprises an active component
and an excipient (6). The components come
from several origins - animal, plant, or
synthetic. Haram / forbidden Muslims, as
indicated in the Qur'an, are several sources
(pigs, dead animals, or blood) (26).
Therefore, implementing the halal-tayyib
standard is a right, and an obligation for
Muslims, which will ensure that the
medicinal products consumed are
guaranteed in terms of Sharia and quality in
health care (8). Furthermore, Muslim
consumers are entitled to make informed
treatment choices (3).
There are essential players in implementing
halal standards, namely: the government,
the pharmaceutical industry, health
workers, and consumers. Every country has
an organization that examines relevant
problems and regulates HTC and the
“Guidelines for Halal Certification.” (6,13).
Products or certified Halal demands that the
supply chain or business processes align
with Islamic law and values (27,28). The
problem arises because of intense pressure
from Muslim consumers and the perception
of the negative sentiment behind the
business in the current certification (29).
There will be competition for halal
information between official and non-
government sources in the form of many
studies in the digital world. If these
conditions are not controlled, it will
confuse information in the community (20).
Halal certificate application scheme will
provide various advantages. Indonesia
decided to suspend the mandatory HTC for
drugs. Therefore, the Convention and
Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation
Scheme (PIC/S) becomes more basic
before certified halal (29).
In this review, we will discuss critical
players in implementing HPC, including
the ingredients that have been widely used
but still doubt their halalness and what they
are used for in the pharmaceutical industry.
This knowledge is essential for industry and
researchers to build safer alternative
materials.
2. Methods
The data were collected from
primary and secondary sources, namely, the
regulation and standard from the
authority’s bodies in Indonesia, academic
journals, and reference books related to
Islamic studies. The documents, related
themes, and classification were identified in
assisting the determination of halal status
for the ingredients’ evaluation process. The
research shows that Indonesia’s Halal Law
has a significant intermestic factor by
showing interrelationship influence
between domestic and international
dynamics. Furthermore, it is indicated that
the lack of clarity of Indonesia’s HTC
process (e.g., in the absence of tariff
regulation or lack of dissemination)
immensely affects international trade and
businesses in many countries.
3. Halal-tayyib Principle
3.1 Definition of Halal-Tayyib
Islam is not only a religion but also a way
of life. Allah Subhanahu Wa Ta'ala
commands to consume the good and Halal
(Qur'anul Karim, 16:114; 23:51). His
prophet, Muhammad Shollallohu Alayhi
Wa Sallam, explained to avoid consuming
ambiguous things, whether halal or haram
(Imam Nawawi, Bukhari, and Muslim
hadith). The word halal is mentioned in the
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Qur'an to describe an action, object, or
behavior in which an individual has the
freedom to choose, and the practice does
not bring any reward or punishment.
Compliance with commands differs
between individuals depending on
religiosity (30).
In Indonesia, product, or service
certification criteria: (1). Declared halal
following Islamic law (Law No. 33 of 2014,
Guarantee of Halal Products), (2) Meets the
quality requirements, is safe and efficacious
(UU No 36 of 2009, Health), and is
registered (has a distribution permit
number) at the POM RI Agency. (3) To
comply with the Fatwa of the Indonesian
Ulema Council Number 30 of 2013
concerning Drugs and Treatment. (4) Not
made from mixing with unclean or unclean
goods (haram and/or najis free materials).
(5) At the time of production, storage,
transportation, and distribution are not
contaminated by haram or unclean
materials (haram or najis free facility and
process) (31).
The HTC covers all processes from the
supply chain or processes to administration
(32). In addition, halal status is also
determined by knowledge of Tayyib (pure)
and Khabith (impure) and their effects on
food safety (8).
The concept of Tayyib relates to the process
that food goes through to ensure two goals:
maximum cleanliness and minimum
contamination without potential toxins,
najis materials (najis rituals), and Khabith
(unclean) (8).
The findings of this study explain four
critical points of difference, namely:
a. Material classification is
based on the origin of
the material, and safety
aspects can help
determine halal status.
Halal is explained as
halal goods such as food
that Muslims must
choose except in an
emergency, and halal
food must be in good
and healthy condition.
In the current context,
tayyib can be interpreted
as good quality, reliable,
hygienic, safe, healthy,
and useful (33).
b. Processing and safety
aspects are included in
the manufacturing
protocol that determines
the halal status.
However, suppose a
product is contaminated
with prohibited
materials such as dirt
(najs) or not halal
additives. In that case, It
might then be classified
as syubhah or critical
products which require
additional assessment
(33).
c. Ethical and responsible
officers need to examine
and evaluate all sources
of origin and
procedures. Although
ethics and responsibility
are not emphasized, they
are also part of the
process towards clean
and pure halal products
in creating a sense of
comfort to fulfill the
main goal of halal-
tayyib (33).
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There is no problem if the material used is
safe and its effectiveness is proven. Still,
the concern is on the use of restricted or
prohibited materials such as heavy metals.
In addition, there were frequent reports on
product violations related to the prohibited
ingredients found in the pharmaceutical
that impacted safety; thus, there is the need
to obtain information from the regulation
and manufacturers’ compliance
perspectives (33). The data were collected
from primary and secondary sources,
namely, the regulation and standard from
the authority’s bodies in Indonesia,
academic journals, and reference books
related to Islamic studies. The documents,
related themes, and classification were
identified in assisting the determination of
halal status for the ingredients’ evaluation
process. The research shows that
Indonesia’s Halal Law has a significant
intermestic factor by showing
interrelationship influence between
domestic and international dynamics.
Furthermore, it is indicated that the lack of
clarity of Indonesia’s HTC process (e.g., in
the absence of tariff regulation or lack of
dissemination) immensely affects
international trade and businesses in many
countries.
3.2 The Benefits Halal-Tayyib Result
Research on halal has not been
matched by the availability of literature on
halal production. The aspects studied are
upstream of the halal product chain, halal
production, and community readiness and
perception. McDonald's and Nestle have
extensively introduced HTC into their
operations and production. This is due to
constant consumer pressures and severe
food sector competitiveness. (25,34).
Many studies show HTC with improved
internal and external business performance,
such as in New Zealand and Spain (25). The
benefit of halal to business performance: (a)
Market share expansion (35–37) (b)
Increase number of customers (35,36). (c)
Increase revenue (35,36,38). (d) Logistics
performance (35) (e) Better management
(37) (f) Enhanced consumer confidence
(37) (g) Impact consumer decision (37,39).
(h) Consumer retention (40).
Food and medicine are needed to live and
grow (8). There is an impression that there
is no rational link to the health benefits of
halal food, as non-Muslims who eat non-
Halal foods appear to be healthier and live
longer. Halal product is for Muslims a
meaningful connection with the Creator
and a sense of pleasure and achievement.
Alignment of action with Spirituality leads
to peace of mind. Consumption that is not
halal will cause anxiety that will impact the
body, such as a negative impact on
metabolism and immune system deficiency
will develop in disease. Lifestyle and
psychological stress have a significant
impact on illness development. The concept
of tayyib will have a positive impact on
animal welfare. Halal foods and drinks are
highly significant in boosting tourism for
Muslim tourism locations (41). Due to
safety and cleanliness concerns, halal
products may attract non-Muslim
customers (42).
4. Halalness Problem in
Pharmaceutical
Indonesia also has a large and free halal
market, the rules are clear, but the
implementation can be said to be weak (41).
Most of the range of halal products in the
Indonesian market is still produced, and
non-Muslim entrepreneurs dominate
marketing. In addition, raw materials are
still controlled by countries, which do not
necessarily ratify HTC. Here are the things
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that are a problem in the implementation of
halal.
4.1 Vaccines
Vaccines contain active components or
antigens (immunogens), which are given to
stimulate the immune system to produce
prevention, improvement, or therapy of
disease or infection. Vaccines for registered
human use with a) Microorganisms
inactivated by chemical/physical means
retaining appropriate immunogenic
properties; b) Live microorganisms that
have been selected for their attenuation
while retaining their immunogenic
properties; c) Antigens extracted from
microorganisms, secreted by them or
produced by recombinant DNA
technology; or d) Antigen produced by
chemical synthesis in vitro. Antigens may
be administered in their original state,
truncated, or modified, after introduction or
mutation, detoxified by chemical or
physical means, and/or aggregated,
polymerized, or conjugated to a carrier to
enhance immunogenicity. The
implementation of HTC for vaccines is
strictly limited by Sharia law and fatwas
(43). Vaccines are part of pharmaceutical
products, which are developed using halal
ingredients, which can replace the use of
non-halal ingredients or animal products
and their derivatives. As in Malaysia,
conservative Muslims sometimes resist
inoculation due to concerns that some
vaccines come from pork or pork, which
Muslims are prohibited from consuming
(43).
Table 1 Halal Standard in Indonesia and Malaysia
No
Standard
Indonesia
Malaysia
1
Not contain
prohibited animal
(and its derivatives)
Not containing pork or
ingredients that are derived
from pigs.
It does not contain any parts or
products or animals that are non-
halal according to Islamic law.
2
Slaughtered animal
(and its derivatives)
All meat must come from
animals that are slaughtered
according to Islamic
procedures.
Parts or products of animals that
are not slaughtered according to
Islamic law.
3
Not poisonous or
hazardous, Do not
intoxicate
Not containing wine and its
derivatives.
Safe for consumption, non-
poisonous, non-intoxicant, or
non-hazardous to health.
4
Not contaminated
with najs
Not containing other
ingredients that are banned or
classified as unclean:
substance derived from dirt,
etc
It was not manufactured or
processed using equipment
contaminated with najs,
according to Shariah Law.
5
Not contained with
najs
Not containing other
ingredients that are banned or
classified as unclean:
carcasses, blood,
Does not contain najs according
to Islamic law.
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6
Do not contain part of
human being
It did not contain other
banned ingredients or
classified as unclean:
substance derived from
human organs, dirt, etc.
It does not contain any human
parts or derivatives that are not
permitted according to Islamic
law.
7
Process nor mixes
with prohibited items
All storage, sale, processing,
management, and public
means of transportation for
the Halal products cannot be
used for pigs or other illicit
goods.
During the preparation,
processing, handling,
packaging, and distribution of
food, it is physically separated
from any other food that does
not meet the requirements stated
in the law or any other things
that have been considered as
najs by Shariah law (6).
In table 1, there is no difference in halal
standards between Indonesia and Malaysia.
However, the implementation can be
different in the antimeningococcal
conjugate vaccine, which has been certified
halal by the Indonesian HTC authority
(http://www.id.novartis.com/news-detail -
vc2010.html) but not by its Malaysian
partner. The technical capacity of this
regulatory body needs to be continuously
improved and aligned to meet the
anticipated increase in applications for
halal drug approval. In addition, much
research is developing on tests for DNA
and protein sources, which will make it
easier to distinguish HPC sources. (12).
Today, the occurrence of the above
differences is very easily known to the
public from various sources. Although, as a
result, health authorities are concerned that
there will be parents who may refuse the
national immunization program for their
children or the covid 19 vaccination
program, they are concerned that the
vaccine used may violate some strict
religious rules (43).
4.2 Gelatin
Based on research, world production is
around 516.8 thousand Metric Tons per
year, with 45 percent coming from pigskin,
29.4 percent from cow skin, 23.1 percent
from bone, and 1.5 percent from other
sources. Eighty percent of gelatin in Europe
comes from pork-skin. The similarity of
pigs' biological systems and organ systems
with systems in humans reaches 80-90
percent, both anatomically and
functionally.
Gelatin is the most popular biopolymer in
the manufacture of soft and hard capsules.
Gelatin is used as a gelling agent, stabilizer,
thickener, emulsifier, and film former. Pork
skin, cow skin, and beef bones are the most
common sources of gelatin. However,
mammalian gelatin is rejected by some
consumers due to social, cultural, religious,
or health-related concerns (44). Public
concern arose after a study emerged
showing that of from 24 samples of hard
capsules and soft capsules, 12 samples
contained pig DNA in both PCR methods
(45).
4.3 Ethanol
Some drugs are categorized as 'haram,'
especially suspensions and cough syrups
which usually contain alcohol and are not
used in an emergency. Pharmaceutical
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products or drug-containing alcohol will
then be categorized as “haram.” Other
forms of alcohol, such as isopropyl alcohol,
butanol, or cetyl alcohol, are not considered
haram. Topical drugs containing alcohol
are considered halal if used externally (not
for oral use) because alcohol can be lost
through evaporation.
Drugs containing alcohol will be
considered Halal if no suitable alternative is
available. So seek treatment, but do not use
haram drugs (Hadith narrated by Bukhari).
Alcohol is haram. Prophet Muhammad
said, “Wine is a disease, which will not
reduce disease, because it is itself a
disease.”
4.4 Enzymes
The global enzyme market was valued at
$8,636.8 million in 2019 and is projected to
reach $14,507.6 million in 2027, with a
CAGR of 6.5% from 2020 to 2027. This has
led to the growth of Halal enzyme
production for several industries producing
various types of detergents, food, beverage,
textiles, biofuels, animal feed, etc. Several
enzymes have been widely used to produce
various food products due to their
advantages during processing, such as
improved quality and reduced processing
time and costs. Therefore, it is necessary to
trace the components that can threaten the
halal guarantee. As far as many Muslims
are concerned about the use of enzymes in
food and food products, halal authorities
have tried to state the halal status of
enzymes and their origins. Following the
latest advances in biotechnology and the
approved benefits of microbial-derived
enzymes, fermentation has become the
primary mode of production. Therefore, it
is important to evaluate the culture media,
substrates, components, and treatments to
assess non-compliance with Halal
assurance. In addition, some enzymes are
produced by genetically modified
microorganisms, and further investigation
is needed to identify their utilization by the
halal food industry if non-Halal animal
genes are used. As part of the halal
assurance, the halal status of additives and
processing aids must be clarified to ensure
that the halal requirements are met. Halal-
approved materials and processing aids
produced with appropriate techniques
confirm that the enzymes produced are
truly Halal (46).
Drivers of the worldwide enzyme market
include biotechnology, pharmaceutical,
food & drink, and bio-fuel industry. The
expansion of enzyme markets is projected
to be driven by enzymes in the
pharmaceutical sector that synthesize
medicinal substances to manufacture active
pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).
Furthermore, greater use of enzymes is
consistent with developing several chronic
illnesses such as digestive and
inflammatory disorders.
The market is split according to type into
proteases, carbohydrases, lipases,
polymerases, nucleases, etc. Based on its
source, microorganisms, plants, and
animals have a global enzyme market.
Enzyme molecules can seldom be
synthesized by chemical means, making it
simpler to get them from living creatures,
such as plants and animals. Due to their
wide availability and inexpensive
manufacturing costs, microorganisms
constitute the major source of enzymes.
Due to its massive production,
development, and general use of genetically
modified microorganisms, the
microorganism-derived enzyme segment
will dominate in 2019. Purification of
microbe enzymes compared with plant
enzymes is, nevertheless, difficult.
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The use of microbial enzymes is more in
line with halal food production because it
eliminates enzymes derived from animals.
Sources of animal enzymes are of concern
to halal consumers. For example, cheese
and whey produced using animal enzymes
are harams if the source is haram animals.
(34).
5. The key player in the halal
implementation
5.1 Government
The government, in this case, the Ministry
of Health and the Halal Product Assurance
Agency (BPJPH), along with the Food,
Drug, and Cosmetics Study Institute of the
Indonesian Ulema Council (LPPOM MUI),
need to work together to encourage the
pharmaceutical industry to obtain halal
certificates.
Before 2014, HTC and labeling were
optional or voluntary, and now they are
mandatory. Halal regulations were issued
under Law Number 33 of 2014, or precisely
since its promulgation on October 17, 2019.
The Halal Product Assurance Act was
drafted in 2006. The applicable rules are
that products that enter, circulate, and trade
in Indonesian territory must be certified
halal (article 4). Business fields with halal
certificates must include Halal Labels on
their products (articles 25 and 38).
Likewise, those who produce products from
non-halal goods must also include
information that is not halal (article 26).
There are tiered administrative sanctions
for those who violate these provisions. This
law provides guidelines for business actors
to apply for halal certificates and other
technical matters. In addition, there are
derivative regulations, namely Government
Regulation Number 31 of 2019 and
Regulation of the Minister of Religion
Number 26 of 2019. Unfortunately, the
Ministry of Finance has not yet issued a
regulation on certification rates. The
absence of this regulation means that the
certification process cannot be carried out
in its entirety. The Minister of Religion then
issued a Decree of the Minister of Religion
Number 982 of 2019, which returned the
process and rates to the previous
certification mechanism, namely according
to the rules imposed by the Institute for the
Study of Food, Drugs. And Cosmetics of
the Indonesian Ulema Council (LPPOM
MUI). Moreover, the Omnibus Law Bill is
currently being rolled out, which mentions
the Halal Product Guarantee Act (21).
There is a reduction in HTC from 1,891
medicinal products in 2019 to 830
medicinal products in 2020. Article 141
paragraph 1 of the PP states a phased-in
obligation to be certified halal for drugs,
with the longest period being 2034 for hard
drug products. The long transition period is
suspected of triggering the decline in HTCs
of medicinal products in 2020.
This is because the number of halal-
certified pharmaceutical products (drugs
and vaccines) is only 2,586 products, while
those recorded at BPOM as of March 24 are
19,483. This means that the opportunity for
HCT is still very wide.
The halal drug market in Indonesia is also
increasingly open, along with the
increasing number of Sharia Hospitals in
Indonesia, prioritizing the use of halal-
certified pharmaceutical products.
Currently, there are around 500 hospitals in
Indonesia that are members of the Islamic
Health Ulema Council (MUKISI), 22
hospitals have been certified Sharia (18
Islamic Hospitals and 4 Government
Hospitals), and 65 hospitals are still in the
process of mentoring to become Sharia
Hospitals (2).
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The government also promised to pay for
half of the costs involved in upgrading
processing facilities to make the meat
industry compliant with halal standards.
The move made by the Prime Minister is
followed by many activities promoting
halal in Japan. One, in particular, is through
halal tourism (15). They believe the ethical
and obedience values of Japanese that
generally are missing even among Muslims
could be maximized in the production of
halal for the benefit of the state. In short,
Japan could excel in the halal industry only
when the people could see the importance
of halal to the state (15). The Australian
Food and Industry Council considers third-
party certification of this kind ‘very
common,’ and groups halal food
certification with kosher food certification
and the National Heart Foundation’s ‘Tick’
logo (Australian Food and Grocery Council
n.d.). As a typical form of food
certification, the halal variety also has
comparable economic benefits, not least of
which is its potential to open doors for local
Australian foodstuff manufacturers to
major export markets in predominantly
Islamic countries, an industry the
Australian Department of Agriculture
valued at AUD 31.8 billion in 2012–2013
(Australian Government, Department of
Agriculture 2014) (47).
5.2 Pharmaceutical Industry
The HPC industry is a pharmaceutical
industry that, in its planning, development,
operation, production, marketing,
distribution, storage, supply chain, and
development, always considers the
regulation of halal product guarantees
according to Islamic Sharia (48,49).
Pharmaceutical Industry challenge in
implementing halal: (1) The conflict
between the reluctance to carry out HTC
and consumer demand for HPC products.
(2) The implementation of UUJPH has not
yet been implemented because the
implementing regulations have not been
established and enforced, and BPJPH is not
yet operational. (3) The difference between
HTC carried out by the Indonesian Ulema
Council (as mandated by Article 60
UUJPH) and HTC by BPJPH (Article 5
paragraph 3, Article 6-point c and Chapter
V) (4) Materials are still imported from
various countries. (6) Halal Supervisors in
the Pharmaceutical Industry need to be
retrained following the transfer of authority
for HTC from MUI to BPJPH and the
existence of a Halal Supervisor certification
obligation. (7) Selection of production,
storage, and supply chain facilities free
from products that are not halal or haram
(31).
Implementing halal labeling will disrupt the
domestic distribution system of
medications resulting from disease
prevention programs, as virtually all active
components of currently circulated
imported medications do not have halal
approvals. One of the main reasons for the
slow pace of HTC for the pharmaceutical
industry is that 95% of raw materials for
medicines are imported from abroad,
namely from China, India, America, and
Europe. The Ministry of Health has set a
target to reduce imported raw materials to
70%. However, this opportunity must be
maximized (50,51).
HPC production guide (1) All materials
used in production (starting materials,
excipient, additives, auxiliary materials,
and packaging materials) must be halal, not
derived and/or derived from haram or
unclean materials. (2) Materials or products
are not mixed or contaminated with unclean
or unclean materials originating from
additives, auxiliary materials, and
108
production facilities. (3) Production
facilities are only used to produce halal
ingredients or products equipped with ways
to prevent contamination of haram
materials. (4) Facilities for storage and
transportation of materials and products are
not mixed with haram and unclean
materials (Halal Supply Chains) (31).
5.3 HealthCare Service
Medicines have become a necessity now to
maintain health (13,52). Drugs circulating
in Indonesia can be classified as OTC,
Potent drug; Pharmacist Mandatory
Medicines; and Psychotropic Drugs and
Narcotics. OTC drugs can be used without
a doctor's prescription, also known as over-
the-counter drugs (53). There are usually
three players in this context, doctors,
pharmacists, and consumers (6,13,52).
Consumers usually cannot judge which
drug is right for them, then the doctor's role
to choose the most suitable drug for his
patient by keeping in mind the patient's
religious beliefs. However, most patients
are not aware of these ingredients in their
medications. Therefore, clinicians and
pharmacists must be proactive and allow
patients to make informed decisions about
their medical care. In addition, the public
should be more educated about the
halalness of drugs. Pharmacists and doctors
have an important role in preparing HPC
products (54)
5.4 Costumers
The existence of a halal certificate can have
a positive impact on producers and
consumers. Here are some benefits of HTC:
(1) It provides peace of mind because a
product is safe for consumption or use. (2)
Halal assurance from strict HTC
procedures (55,56).
Halal is now a lifestyle, which is not limited
only to Muslims (57,58). HTC provides the
benefits and quality it offers to consumers.
Recently, the halal industry offered great
opportunities and benefits to industry
players worldwide, including non-Muslim
countries (33). Although the market is
large, the credibility of the halal label is
now being questioned. In 2013, pig DNA
was found in halal food in the UK (59). This
incident makes consumers skeptical of the
halal label. The controversy crisis occurred
in 2014 when a laboratory test report was
leaked. It showed that two Cadbury Dairy
Milk products contained porcine DNA (60)
Fig 1 Factor-factor influencing halal behavior
109
Some factors influencing consumers to
choose halal products are consumer
knowledge about halal and consumer
religiosity (halal awareness). Religiosity
has more influence on behavior than halal
knowledge. Economy factor still plays as a
decision consideration to buy the halal
product (Fig 1). As a marketer or producer,
HTC is a branding strategy for those who
can see opportunities (34). Cultural
influences determine the applicability and
importance of quality signals. The concept
of halal itself is now accepted as a quality
system. Halal is no longer just a matter of
religion but has become a global symbol for
quality assurance (25) (61).
6. Media social as Tools Public
Awareness
Several components in the individual
factors included cognitive and affective
domains in identifying their effects on one's
behavior. On the other hand, environmental
factors referred to the influence of other
people's behavior and nonhuman factors
such as printed and electronic media (62).
Internet social media is one of the agents of
socialization that acts as a tool in mass
communication because Internet social
media can reach a wider and relatively
larger audience and heterogeneous (63,64).
Therefore, media, both online and online,
play an important role in providing
education and creating awareness of halal
among Muslim consumers. Social media is
a communication medium and information
that can disseminate information massively
and be accessed by the general public (65).
Indonesia's lack of readiness to compete in
the halal product market is due to the lack
of public awareness of the importance of
halal products (66,67). The lack of
knowledge and understanding of halal
products is what causes it. This causes a
lack of public awareness of halal food. If
awareness and public awareness of halal
food products are low, producers will not
get HTC. However, if people's awareness is
high, they will buy halal-certified products,
and producers will compete to register their
products to get halal certificates (65).
Social media are applications that enable
people to interact with each other and build
social networks that increase social capital.
Social media can distribute their messages
to thousands of people, encouraging them
to build strong connections and firm loyalty
(68). The digital world makes no
boundaries; what happens in other
countries is easy to know and share with the
community quickly. Therefore, halal
awareness in another country will grow
upside by side, as a Muslim country.
7. Perspective
The halal concept will become a global
symbol that is synonymous with quality in
the mainstream market. The demand for
halal products is related to the belief that
halal food is healthier, safer, and tastier,
which appeals to Muslim and non-Muslim
consumers. Islamic rules and principles,
referred to as Sharia, significantly influence
their needs and behavior (69).
Countries with fewer Muslim populations,
namely Thailand, UK, and Australia, can
seize opportunities for halal food in the
global market. Countries such as Thailand,
Australia, UK, and Japan have
implemented commercial agriculture in
their supply management to support their
halal food production. In addition,
awareness to consume halal food also
comes from non-Muslims because of the
safety and freshness of the food (3).
Islam is a simple and easy religion to
follow. If there is an emergency or saving
lives, the use of 'haram' drugs is allowed.
However, we need guidelines when
referring to emergency or lifesaving
situations. Actually, 'haram' drugs can be
avoided because only a small part of the
total drug through research. Based on the
above scenario, awareness about 'halal'
drugs should be developed among all
components. The government is the main
key in implementing halal drugs. The
110
awareness of Muslims will force changes
and demand 'halal' references to certain
medicines for the community. Furthermore,
universities should highlight knowledge of
'halal' drugs in future academic curricula
(70).
Muslims will be compelled to fulfill their
desires as Fard' Kifaya, where some
producers must produce halal products.
People are worried that many illegal
products are sold in the market containing
pork DNA (7). Behavioral intention to buy
halal food has a significant direct positive
relationship with religiosity, attitudes,
subjective norms, and perceived behavioral
control (71).
8. Conclusion
Halal is not a special product produced only
for Muslims but for all consumers around
the world. The main purpose of the halal
specification is to protect the welfare of
consumers through the production of high-
quality products. There is no contradiction
between technological progress and halal
requirements. The rapid growth of social
media has become a way of promoting halal
drugs and growing media for understanding
the needs of halal products. The slow pace
of halal compliance requirements will also
be driven by the awareness that continues
to grow every year. The pharmaceutical
industry is expected to experience growth
along with the awareness of halal products
from Muslims. The unpreparedness of the
domestic industry will be an opportunity for
other countries to make Muslims a potential
market.
The western pharmaceutical industry has
also developed guidelines and consensus,
and regulatory statements intended to
protect consumers from harmful products.
Some of these guidelines are different from
the halal principles, some agree with the
halal principles, and some are even stricter
than the halal guidelines. Nevertheless,
understanding the basic principles and
critical points of halal can help
manufacturers and other parties better
understand the philosophy, process, and
aspects of halal pharmacy, thus making it a
guide in producing halal drugs. Halal
medicine is also sustainable because it
combines product ingredients and their
effects and producer ethics and
responsibility. The global business
competition will not wait for one party to be
ready, but whoever is fast, and superior is
the winner.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have
no conflict of interest.
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