Vol 4, Issue 3, 2023 (276-285)
http://journal.unpad.ac.id/idjp
*Corresponding author,
e-mail : sriwidodo@unpad.ac.id (S. Sriwidodo)
https://doi.org/10.24198/idjp.v4i3.39667
© 2023 S. Sriwidodo et al
Tableting Turmeric Rhizome (Curcuma domestica Val.) and Mangosteen Peel
(Garcinia mangostana L.) Extract as Antioxidant Supplement
Amalia Reyhani, Sriwidodo Sriwidodo*, Anis Yohana Chaerunisa, Abd. Kakhar Umar,
Evi Sylvia Nurrasjid, Mas Rahman Roestan
Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy,
Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia.
Submitted : 02/06/2022, Revised : 03/08/2022,, Accepted : 08/06/ 2023, Published : 16/08/2023
Abstract
Free radicals are unstable molecules that lose electrons in their outer orbitals.
These compounds can be toxins for the human body and cause various
degenerative diseases. To avoid this, we need antioxidants. Examples of common
sources of antioxidants are turmeric (Curcuma domestica Val.) and mangosteen
rind (Garcinia mangostana L.). Both of these plants have very strong antioxidant
activity but have a less favorable taste for consumption. This study aimed to obtain
tablets containing turmeric rhizome and mangosteen rind extract that can cover
the taste with a variety of binders. Subsequently, we observed the antioxidant
activity of two extracts before and after preparation. The tableting method was
wet granulation and the characterization included the physical properties of the
tablets. The levels of curcumin, alpha mangosteen, and total polyphenols were
also checked. The antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH method.
Based on the characterization results, NaCMC 5% was the best binder for
preparing tablets containing turmeric rhizome and mangosteen rind extract with a
flow rate of 11.434 g/s, repose’s angle of 29.39ᵒ, loss on drying of 2.65%, carr’s
index of 15.22, hardness of 43N, friability of 0.926%, and disintegration time of
16.44 minutes. The antioxidant test result showed that the combination of turmeric
extract and mangosteen rind extract with a ratio of 1:2 had the best antioxidant
activity with an IC50 value of 31.01 µg/ml, alpha mangosteen level of 29.77%, and
curcumin level of 27.22%. The antioxidant activity of the preparation was not
changed significantly after tableting. Based on the findings, it can be concluded
that the tablet formulation of turmeric rhizome and mangosteen rind extract using
5% NaCMC can be potentially used as an antioxidant supplement.
Keywords: Free radicals, Antioxidants, Turmeric Rhizome, Mangosteen rind,
Tablets.
S. Sriwidodo et al / Indo J Pharm 4 (2023) 276-285
277
1. Introduction
Free radicals are highly reactive
chemical molecules and are said to be the cause
of premature aging, cancer, liver, lung, kidney,
rheumatism, diabetes, cataracts, and narrowing
of blood vessels or atherosclerosis. Free
radicals are relatively unstable molecules
because atoms in their outer orbits have one or
more unpaired electrons and are destructive or
damaging to other cells (Khaira, 2010). To
counteract free radicals, an antioxidant is
needed to inhibit the oxidation. Antioxidants
donate one or more electrons so that the radical
compound will become stable, and unreactive,
and break the chain reaction (Kosasih et al.,
2004). One of the highest antioxidant sources
is turmeric. The active substances contained in
turmeric are 3-5% essential oils which include
curcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin,
desmethoxy curcumin, sesquiterpenes and
monoterpenes of essential oils such as ar-
turmerone (31.1%), arcurcumin (63%), kurlon
(10, 6%), and turmerone (10%), resin, starch,
and cellulose. These various compounds are
responsible for the ability of turmeric to
provide anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial,
antifungal, and antioxidant effects (Pranata,
2014). Mangosteen rind is also a well-known
source of antioxidants. It contains xanthones
which include mangosteen, alpha-mangosteen,
mangostinon A and B, flavonoids, and
mangosterol. These xanthones have high
antioxidant activity (Rezki et al., 2017).
The combination of two or more types
of antioxidants allows it to produce higher
antioxidant activity (Wicaksono & Ulfah,
2017). The combination of plants to increase
their antioxidant potential has been carried out
by several studies, but so far there is no
reported study on the antioxidant effectivity of
turmeric rhizome and mangosteen rind extract
combination in tablets form. In addition, the
combination of these two extracts can produce
higher activity at lower doses. Extracts of
turmeric rhizome and mangosteen rind have a
bitter taste and are rarely ingested raw, so in
this study, we formulate them into tablets. The
tablets were optimized and characterized by
studying the impact of several binders on their
physicochemical properties including the
antioxidant stability of the extracts during
manufacturing.
2. Method
2.1 Materials
Turmeric rhizome (Curcuma domestica
Val.) and mangosteen rind simplicia (Garcinia
mangostana L.), 96% ethanol, toluene, ethyl
acetate, formic acid (Merck), chloroform,
methanol (Merck), amprotab (Bratachem), Na-
CMC (Bratachem), Magnesium Stearate
(Bratachem), PVP K30 (Quadran), Talcum,
Starch (Bratachem), and Lactose (Bratachem).
2.2 Extraction of turmeric (Curcuma
domestica Val.) and mangosteen
(Garcinia mangostana L.)
The turmeric rhizome was extracted
using 96% ethanol for 24 hours with a ratio of
1:10. After a day, the macerate and pulp were
separated. The macerate was filtered and the
volume was calculated. The dregs obtained
were then macerated 2 times using 96% ethanol
as solvent. The mangosteen rind was extracted
by maceration using 70% ethanol redest. 25 kg
was weighed and put into the macerator then
soaked using 70% ethanol redest for 1 hour,
then allowed to stand for 4 x 24 hours while
stirring occasionally. For every 24 hours, the
macerate was collected and filtered using filter
paper and the solvent was replaced with a new
one. The filtrates of each extract were then
evaporated using a rotary evaporator at 30 rpm
and a temperature of <400C (Idawati, et al,
2019; Cahya & Prabowo, 2019).
2.3 Phytochemical screening of turmeric
extract (Curcuma domestica Val.)
and mangosteen extract (Garcinia
mangostana L.)
The phytochemical screening was done
including alkaloids, tannins, saponins,
flavonoids, polyphenols, quinone,
S. Sriwidodo et al / Indo J Pharm 4 (2023) 276-285
278
monoterpene and sesquiterpene, steroid, and
triterpenoid. Parameter examination of
turmeric extract (Curcuma domestica Val.) and
mangosteen extract (Garcinia mangostana L.)
included organoleptic, drying shrinkage, water-
soluble level, ethanol soluble level, total ash
content, acid Insoluble Ash Content, and
specific gravity.
2.4 Testing the antioxidant activity of
turmeric extract (Curcuma
domestica Val.), mangosteen extract
(Garcinia mangostana L.), and tablet
preparation
The antioxidant activity was measured
using the DPPH method. Sample solutions as
much as 0.01 mL; 0.02 mL; 0.03 mL; 0.04 mL
and 0.05 mL and the standard solution (0.01
mL, 0.02 mL, 0.03 mL, and 0.04 mL) were
added with 0.05 mL of 0.2 mL of DPPH
solution. Ethanol (95%) was then added to the
sample and standard solutions to reach a
volume of 1 mL. The mixtures were
homogenized and allowed to stand for 30
minutes in dark conditions and not exposed to
direct light. The measurements were made for
6 replication. If the result was positive, the
color of the solution would change from purple
to yellow. The absorbance value was read at the
maximum wavelength (λ), where the blank
used was 1 mL ethanol without the addition of
sample solution (Suryadi, 2013). Afterward,
the %inhibition was calculated using the
formula:
(Eq. 1)
The %inhibition value at various
sample concentrations was used to make a
linear regression equation with the extract
concentration as the X axis and %inhibition as
the Y axis. The IC50 value was obtained by
inputting the 50% as the inhibition value to the
equation (Suryadi, 2013).
2.5 Determination of total polyphenols of
mangosteen and turmeric extract and
tablet preparation
A total of 1 ml of the test solution and
each variation in the concentration of the
comparison solution were put into a test tube.
Then 5 ml of aqueous Folin-Ciocalteau reagent
was added (7.5% in water). After that, the
solution mixture was allowed to stand for 8
minutes, and added 4 ml of 1% NaOH,
incubated for 1 hour. The measurements were
performed by using spectrophotometry at the
maximum wavelength. Blank measurements
were also carried out in the same way without
the test solution. Finally, a calibration curve
was made and the total phenol content was
calculated (Depkes RI, 2017).
2.6 Determination of -mangostin content
from mangosteen extract (Garcinia
mangostana L.) and tablet
preparation
The levels of α-mangostin in the extract
were tested using HPLC. The separation was
carried out at 25oC on a Lichrocart column (5
m, 4 mm × 250 mm). This method used
acetonitrile (solvent A) and 0.2% formic acid in
water (solvent B). This method used a gradual
linear gradient. The injection volume and flow
rate were 20 L and 1 mL/min. UV wavelength
was set at 240 nm. α-mangostin calibration
curves were performed at different
concentrations of 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240
g/mL. The absorbance was entered into a linear
regression equation to calculate the levels of α-
mangostin in the mangosteen rind extract
(Ghasemzadeh et al., 2018).
2.7 Determination of curcumin content
from turmeric extract (Curcuma
domestica Val.) and tablet
preparation
The curcuminoid level was measured
using spectrophotometry. Preparation of the
test solution was carried out by weighing 10 mg
of extract and dissolving them in 10 ml of
ethanol P. The filtered solution was put into a
S. Sriwidodo et al / Indo J Pharm 4 (2023) 276-285
279
10 ml volumetric flask and added ethanol P to
the limit mark. The standard solution was made
by weighing 10 mg of curcumin, put into a 10
ml volumetric flask, added by ethanol P to the
mark, and then diluting to create 100, 60, 40,
20, 10, and 2 ppm of standard solution. The
concentration measurement was carried out by
pipetting separately 2 mL of the test solution,
each series of standard solution, and blank
solution into the microtube. The absorption of
these preparations was observed at a
wavelength of 420 nm (Depkes RI, 2008).
2.8 The combination tablet formulation
of turmeric extract (Curcuma
domestica Val.) and mangosteen
extract (Garcinia mangostana L.)
Optimization was done by making 3
variations of the formula based on the type of
binder. The binders used were Na CMC, PVP,
and starch. The three binders are commonly
used binders in tablet manufacturing and are
considered to have good binding capacity to
form granules. The procedure used for this
optimization was the wet granulation method
because this method can provide good stability
and evenly distributed granules. The optimized
formulas can be seen in Table 1.
Table 1. Formula optimization.
Component
F1 (%)
F2 (%)
F3 (%)
Function
Mangosteen
extract
34.2
34.2
34.2
Active ingredient
Turmeric extract
17.11
17.11
17.11
Active ingredient
Amilum
5
5
5
Adsorbant
Amprotab
5
5
5
Disintegrant
Na CMC
5
-
-
Binder
PVP
-
5
-
Binder
Amilum paste
-
-
5
Binder
Mg stearate
2
2
2
Lubricant
Talk
2
2
2
Glidant
Lactose
Ad 100
Ad 100
Ad 100
Filler
2.9 Evaluation of granules and tablet
preparations containing extracts of
turmeric (Curcuma domestica Val.)
and extracts of mangosteen (Garcinia
mangostana L.)
Evaluation of the granules including
LOD, flow test, angle of repose, and
compressibility. Evaluation of the tablets
including organoleptic, hardness test, size and
weight uniformity, friability, and disintegration
time.
3. Result
3.1 Extraction of turmeric (Curcuma
domestica Val.) and mangosteen
(Garcinia mangostana L.)
Based on the calculation, the yield
percentage of each extract was high (>10%).
Mangosteen rind extract has a yield of 14.3%
while turmeric rhizome extract has a yield of
12.16%.
3.2 Phytochemical screening of turmeric
extract (Curcuma domestica Val.)
and mangosteen extract (Garcinia
mangostana L.)
The secondary metabolite content of
each extract was quite varied. Turmeric
rhizome extract contains all tested metabolites
except steroids. Meanwhile, mangosteen rind
extract does not contain terpenes, triterpenoids,
and steroids. The metabolite content of each
extract can be seen in Table 2.
S. Sriwidodo et al / Indo J Pharm 4 (2023) 276-285
280
Table 2. Secondary metabolites of turmeric rhizome and mangosteen rind.
Metabolites
Turmeric rhizome
Mangosteen rind
Alkaloid
+
+
Polyphenol
+
+
Tannin
+
+
Flavonoid
+
+
Monoterpene dan
sesquiterpene
+
-
Steroid
-
-
Triterpenoid
+
-
Quinone
+
+
Saponin
+
+
3.3 Parameter examination of turmeric
extract (Curcuma domestica Val.)
and mangosteen extract (Garcinia
mangostana L.)
Based on standardization results,
turmeric rhizome, and mangosteen rind extract
are very safe for consumption or use as
medicine. Specific and non-specific parameters
indicate values below the allowable limit. The
standardization results for the two extracts can
be seen in Tables 3 and 4.
Table 3. Standardization results of turmeric rhizome extract.
Parameter
Results
Requirements
Organoleptic
Thick, yellow in
color, and has a
characteristic smell
Thick extract;
yellow;
characteristic
odor; slightly
bitter taste.
Yield
14,3%
> 11,0%
Drying shrinkage
9,84%
< 10%
Total ash content
0,28%
< 0,4%
Acid insoluble ash content
0,08%
< 0,1%
Water content
8,2%
< 10%
Specific gravity
0,879%
< 1%
Table 4. Standardization results of mangosteen rind extract.
Parameter
Results
Requirements
Organoleptic
Thick, brown in
color, smells and
tastes slightly bitter
Yield
12,60%
> 8,2%
Drying shrinkage
8,49%
<10%
Total ash content
0,244%
< 4,4%
Acid Insoluble Ash Content,
0,069%
< 0,2%
Specific gravity
0,81%
<1%
Water content
7,83%
< 10,8%
S. Sriwidodo et al / Indo J Pharm 4 (2023) 276-285
281
3.4 Curcumin content from turmeric
extract (Curcuma domestica Val.)
and tablet preparation
The linear equation of standard
curcumin can be seen in Figure 1. From the
linear equation, the curcumin content in the
turmeric rhizome extract was calculated and the
curcumin content was 27.22%. These results
meet the requirements for the level of curcumin
contained in turmeric extract in the Indonesian
Herbal Pharmacopoeia, which is not less than
3.82%.
Figure 1. Standard curve of turmeric extract.
3.5 Alpha mangosteen content from
mangosteen extract (Garcinia
mangostana L.) and tablet
preparation
The linear equation of the standard
alpha-mangosteen can be seen in Figure 2.
From this test, a standard curve was obtained to
get a linear equation that would be used to
calculate the levels of alpha-mangosteen in the
extract. The concentration variation was then
plotted with the AUC (Area Under Curve) in a
curve, where the x value was the concentration
variation and y was the AUC value. The
observation was performed at a wavelength of
318 nm.
Figure 2. Standard curve of alpha mangosteen.
Based on the test result, the level of
alpha-mangosteen in the mangosteen rind
extract was 29.766%, where the content met the
requirements in the Indonesian herbal
pharmacopeia (not less than 10.60%).
3.6 Evaluation of Combination Tablets
of Turmeric Rhizome Extract and
Mangosteen Peel Extract
3.6.1 Granules Evaluation
S. Sriwidodo et al / Indo J Pharm 4 (2023) 276-285
282
Based on the evaluation results, the
formula containing 5% Na-CMC has good
physical properties with a loss on drying value
of 2.65%, flowability of 11.434%, repose's
angle of 29.39ᵒ, and carr's index of 15.217. This
value indicates that the tablet has good
flowability and compressibility (<30ᵒ and >15).
The value of a loss on drying, flowability, angle
of repose, and Carr's index of each formula can
be seen in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Loss on drying, flowability, angle of repose, and index carr properties of the tablets.
3.6.2 Tablet Evaluation
The tablets of all formulas have the
same color, which was yellowish brown with
shiny characteristics. The uniform color was
only found in formulas using Na-CMC as a
binder. Na-CMC also managed to maintain a
round tablet shape and prevent cracking and
brittleness. The thickness and diameter of the
tablet can be seen in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Thickness and diameter of the tablets.
Good hardness, uniformity of weight,
friability, and disintegration time were owned
by tablets containing Na-CMC as a binder.
Tablets with PVP as a binder had the worst
characteristics. The low hardness and friability
made the tablets brittle. The physical properties
of each formula can be seen in Figure 5.
2
,65%
%
1
,40
2
,50%
0
,00%
1
,00%
2
,00%
3
,00%
Na-CMC
PVP
Amilum
LOD (%)
11,434
7,451
10,983
0
5
10
15
Na-CMC
PVP
Amilum
Flow Test(g/s)
29
,
39
41,228
,
53
38
0
20
40
60
Na-CMC
PVP
Amilum
angle of repose
(
)
o
21
15
,
7
7
,
85
17
16
,
6
76
12
14
16
18
20
Na-CMC
PVP
Amilum
Indeks Carr (%)
37
,
0
,
33
0
24
,
0
0
0
1
,
2
,
0
3
,
0
,
4
0
Na-CMC
PVP
Amilum
Tebal Tablet (cm)
1
,
1
0,907
5
7
,
0
0
0
5
,
1
5
,
1
Na-CMC
PVP
Amilum
Diameter Tablet (cm)
S. Sriwidodo et al / Indo J Pharm 4 (2023) 276-285
283
Figure 5. Hardness, weight uniformity, friability, and disintegration time of the tablets.
3.7 Antioxidant activity of turmeric
extract (Curcuma domestica Val.),
mangosteen extract (Garcinia
mangostana L.), and tablet
preparation
Based on the measurement results, the
IC50 values of the two extracts and their tablet
form were classified as strong antioxidants.
The IC50 value of each sample can be seen in
Table 5.
Table 5. IC50 value of the samples.
Sample
IC50 (µg/ml)
Ascorbic acid
1.81
Turmeric rhizome extract
37.551
Mangosteen rind extract
34.298
Combination of turmeric and mangosteen extract
31.01
Turmeric rhizome extract tablet
53.4
Mangosteen rind extract tablet
47.17
Combination of turmeric rhizome and mangosteen
rind extract tablet
41.23
3.8 Total polyphenols of the extracts and
tablets The total phenolic content of each
extract showed a decrease in levels after being
made into tablets. However, when combined
43
19
,
3
27
,
8
0
10
20
30
40
50
Na-CMC
PVP
Amilum
Hardness (N)
737,6
716,26
777,4
680
700
720
740
760
780
800
Na-CMC
PVP
Amilum
weight Uniformity
)
mg
(
0,926
85
46
,
1
,
9
0
10
20
30
40
50
Na-CMC
PVP
Amilum
Friabilitas (%)
16
,
44
4
,
48
11
,
15
0
5
10
15
20
Na-CMC
PVP
Amilum
Desintregation time
(
menit
)
S. Sriwidodo et al / Indo J Pharm 4 (2023) 276-285
284
into one tablet, the IC50 value is higher than the
single tablet form. The total phenolic content of
each sample can be seen in Table 6.
Table 6. Polyphenols content of the samples.
Sample
Content (%)
Tumeric rhizome extract
30.99
Mangosteen rind extract
39.87
Turmeric rhizome extract tablet
23.68
Mangosteen rind extract tablet
34.736
Combination of turmeric and mangosteen
extract Tablet
37.84
4. Discussion
Based on the test, all parameters and
physicochemical screening for both of the
extracts are already following the requirements.
Likewise, the curcumin, alpha-mangosteen,
and total polyphenols were in the range of the
requirements.
The method used for making the tablet
was wet granulation. The optimization was
carried out to see which binder gives the best
tablet properties. Three binders were
compared, including Na-CMC, PVP, and
starch. Based on the test results, Na-CMC was
the only binder that fits all ranges of
requirements, while the other two binders
produced brittle tablets. The chemical
evaluations revealed that the tablets contained
37.84% total polyphenols, this value was
greater than the total polyphenols in the tablet
of each extract. The IC50 test was also carried
out. The smaller the value, the stronger the
antioxidant activity. If the IC50 value is below
50 g/ml, it belongs to the very strong
antioxidants. The IC50 value of the α-mangostin
extract tablet was 53.4 g/ml and the IC50 value
of the turmeric extract tablet was 47.17 g/ml.
The tablet containing these two extracts had a
lower IC50 value which was 41.23 g/ml. Based
on the findings, tablets containing both extracts
had the greatest antioxidant activity compared
to their single dosage form. When compared to
the extract’s IC50 value, the tablet form has a
higher value. However, this value was not
significantly different. The increase can occur
due to several factors, including the unstable
nature of mangosteen at temperatures above
40ᵒC due to the manufacturing method used
was wet granulation and there was a heating
stage. Besides, the time between extract testing
and tablet preparation was fairly far enough
away, so that during storage there might be a
degradation.
5. Conclusion
Tablets containing turmeric rhizome
and mangosteen rind extract with strong
antioxidant activity have been successfully
obtained through wet granulation using Na-
CMC as a binder. The combination of these two
extracts has the optimal effectivity at the ratio
of 1:2. There was an increase in the IC50 value
of the extracts after the tableting process. The
heating process in the wet granulation process
might affect the antioxidant stability of the
extracts. However, the differences were not
significant and the IC50 value of the tablets was
still within the very strong range category.
Based on the findings, it can be concluded that
the tablet formulation of turmeric rhizome and
mangosteen rind extract using 5% NaCMC is
potentially used as an antioxidant supplement.
6. Acknowledgments
This work was supported by research
grants from the Ministry of Research and
Technology/National Research and Innovation
Agency (1827/UN6.3.1/LT/2020).
S. Sriwidodo et al / Indo J Pharm 4 (2023) 276-285
285
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