Vol 4, Issue 2, 2022 (219-231)
http://journal.unpad.ac.id/idjp
*Corresponding author,
e-mail : rahadatul.aisy1202@gmail.com (R. Aisy)
https://doi.org/10.24198/idjp.v4i2.41229
© 2022 R. Aisy et al
Optimization of Propolis and Vegetable Oils-based Soap Formulation
to Enhance Product Quality and Antioxidant Properties
Rahadatul ‘Aisy1,*), Efri Mardawati1,2, Desy Nurliasari1,2, Hana Nur Fitriana1,2,
Awaly Ilham Dewantoro1,3
1Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Faculty of Agroindustrial Technology,
Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
2Research Collaboration Center for Biomass and Biorefinery between BRIN and
Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
3Master Program in Technology of Agroindustry, Faculty of Agroindustrial Technology,
Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
Submitted : 08/08/ 2022, Revised : 17/08/ 2022, Accepted : 24/08/2022, Published : 25/09/2022
Abstract
Consumers demanded the quality of solid soap for the bath were having a
solid texture, high foam stability, and fulfillment of the national quality standard in
SNI 3522:2021. Soap characteristics and quality are affected by soap bases and the
existence of natural additive matter with antioxidant properties such as propolis
extracts. The study aims to determine an optimum formula for soap production
using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Box-Behnken experimental
design. The research conducted in several stages, its consist to propolis extraction,
soap formulation and production, RSM analysis towards predetermined responses,
model validation, and products characterization (in optimum formulation).
Optimized factors consist of the content of propolis extracts, coconut oils, palm
oils, and olive oils, while the response was moisture content, foam stability, and
antioxidant inhibition. The results showed each response has a significant model to
get an optimum formula for propolis extracts soap production. The optimum
formula for soap production requires 1.545 g propolis extracts, 13.097 g coconut
oils, 29.629 g palm oils, and 29.809 g olive oils with the model validation for each
response were 95.5% moisture content, 96.5% foam stability, and 97.5%
antioxidant inhibition. Soap characterization in the optimum formula fulfilled the
quality standard requirement in SNI 3522:2021 its consists of 20.24% moisture
content, 2.22% insoluble ingredients in ethanol, and 0.07% free alkali content.
Keywords: Box-Behnken Design, Formula Optimization, Propolis Extracts, RSM,
Solid Soap.
R. Aisy et al / Indo J Pharm 4 (2022) 219-231
220
1. Introduction
One of the cosmetic products were
widely used and mostly distributed in the
community is solid soap for baths. Soap is a
cosmetic product with a treat, protection, and
hygiene function for skin from any dirt material
[1]. The demand for solid or bath soap
increased continuously linear with the increase
in population, especially in Indonesia. The high
demand for soap impacted Indonesia to import
any soap products from others. Central Agency
on Statistics reported in February 2022 that
Indonesia imported more than 18.9 thousand
tons of soaps and similar products [2]. The
report showed soap production in Indonesia has
been not able to supply the domestic demand
independently.
Solid soap production deployed the
saponification reaction mechanism between
fatty acids and alkalis which is carried through
a cold process, hot process, or melt and pour
methods [3]. Fatty acids were widely used for
soap production was obtained from coconut
oils, palm oils, and olive oils as the source,
while the alkali was sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
for solid soap and potassium hydroxide (KOH)
for liquid soap [4]. Olive oils could be provided
soft and gentle characteristics to soap caused of
their high oleic acid content which has a
moisturizing effect on the skin [5]. It made the
soap has a soft texture and was not demanded
by consumers in the solid soap category.
Different from palm oils, high palmitic acid
content in oils could produce a very hard or
solid soap but the product would have a low
foam-making capability [6]. High foam-
making in soap production could be provided
by coconut oils with high lauric acid content as
foam-making agents. Therefore, although
coconut oils-based soap has a good capability
of making foam but produced soap would be
having a semi-solid texture [3]. Physical
characteristics like texture and foam-making
capability are important attributes in solid soap
for baths and could be affecting the interest of
consumers.
Consumers assumed the soap that
produces a lot of foam can clean dirt well [7].
Solid soap was chosen by communities for
economic reasons, easy to use, and more
efficient in skin cleaning than liquid soap [8].
The combination of three types of vegetable
oils (coconut oils, palm oils, and olive oils)
aimed to produce a soap with high foam
capability, a solid texture and could be
moisturized skin.
Provided soaps in the market mostly use
synthetic antioxidants as an additive and could
interfere with consumer skins [9]. The use of
synthetic additives could be replaced by natural
matters for skin safety and pointed to the green
technology concept. One natural matter that
could be deployed as an alternative antioxidant
source for soap production is propolis extracts.
Propolis is a natural matter collected by
stingless bees or honeybees such as Trigona sp.
and was used as a nest, a component of defense,
external immune systems, and antimicrobials.
Propolis was one of the antioxidant sources its
rich in bioactive compounds such as phenolics
and flavonoids [10]. The existence of bioactive
compounds in propolis has pharmacological
activities such as antibacterial, anti-
inflammatory, antiseptic, antimutagenic, and
antihepatotoxic [11,12,13]. Propolis could be
used as a proper antioxidant source to be
applied to soap formulation and enhance
product performances. Recent studies of the
uses of propolis extracts in soap production
have been studied by Astuti et al., but this study
has limitations in product characteristics [14].
Optimization in soap formulation,
especially in vegetable oils-based soaps
consisting of coconut oils, palm oils, and olive
oils required to be conducted. Emerged demand
of optimum formulation for solid soap was
needed in industry, this prompted a study on
optimization formula for solid soap which then
carried out in this study. Optimum formulation
that resulted by this study could be considerate
to conduct further research on scale-up
production, especially for pilot-scale and
industrial-scale. The optimization could be
deployed through Response Surface
Methodology (RSM) with a Box-Behnken
experimental design that is considered efficient
because requires fewer experiments and
reduced analysis costs [15]. This study aimed
to optimize the content of propolis extracts,
coconut oils, palm oils, and olive oils to obtain
R. Aisy et al / Indo J Pharm 4 (2022) 219-231
221
the optimum formula. The expected optimum
formula was soap production which had
minimum moisture content, maximum foam
stability, and maximum antioxidant activity.
2. Methods
Materials
The materials deployed in this study
consist of coconut oils, palm oils, olive oils,
propolis extracts, and honey fragrances bought
from local market in Bandung. Chemicals
obtained from Merck (Germany) and consist of
sodium hydroxide (NaOH), 2,2-diphenyl-1-
picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), methanol absolute, 0.1
N potassium hydroxide (KOH), 0.1 N
hydrochloride acids (HCl), 1%
phenolphthalein, and distilled water.
Propolis Extracts Preparation
Propolis extraction was carried out by
maceration technique following Yarlina et al.
[16] with slight modifications. Crude propolis
was soaked in 70% ethanol with a 1:3 ratio
(w/v). The mixture was macerated for 24 hours,
filtrated, and evaporated to obtain concentrated
extracts. The number of extracts was measured
and then determined by the yields.
Solid Soap Formulation
The standard formulation for soap
production followed Sukawati et al. [17] with
slight modification and shown in Table 1.
Table 1. The standard formulation for propolis
solid soap
Ingredients
Quantity
(gram)
Role of
Ingredients
Propolis Extracts
1-3
Bioactive
Matter
Coconut Oils
10-20
Soap Base
Palm Oils
10-30
Soap Base
Olive Oils
10-30
Soap Base
NaOH
8.9
Alkali
Distilled Water
20
Vehicle
Honey Fragrance
1.5
Fragrance/
Perfume
Production of Solid Soap
Solid soap production followed the
Garden [18] procedure. The vegetable oils
consisting of coconut oils, palm oils, and olive
oils were blended with NaOH solution (under
40°C) and then agitate in the mixture
continuously until the foam was traced.
Propolis extracts were added and agitate the
mixture until homogenous. The homogenous
mixture was ready to mold and allowed to
solidify for 24 hours, then the solid soaps were
stored in a dry place for 2 weeks before product
evaluation was conducted.
Antioxidant Activity Assay
Antioxidant activity was analyzed by 2,2-
diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl methods to
scavenge the free radical followed by Hayati et
al. [19] with slight modification. The amount of
2 mL of soap extracts in methanol was added to
2 mL of 0.2 mM DPPH, shaken, and placed in
a dark room for 30 minutes. The mixtures were
quantified using a spectrophotometer UV-Vis
at 517 nm and methanol was used as a blank.
The percentage of the free radical scavenging
effect is determined by dividing the difference
between blank and sample absorbance with the
absorbance of the blank. The results are then
used as a response in statistical analysis.
Solid Soap Characterization
Some characteristics were analyzed to
determine the quality of products. Moisture
content, pH-value, insoluble ingredients in
ethanol, and free alkali content followed
standard procedure and parameters in SNI
3532:2021 [20]. Foam stability was analyzed
by procedure following Fatimah & Jamilah
[21]. Two characteristics then determined as
responses in statistical analysis consist of
moisture content and foam stability.
Experimental Design
Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
was deployed in this study and applied Box-
Behnken experimental design. Box-Behnken
design was deployed in this study its cause of
efficient to use and required fewer
experimental samples that accordance with
costs for analysis [15]. Efficient and costs were
R. Aisy et al / Indo J Pharm 4 (2022) 219-231
222
required aspects for products development in
industry and its has been main consideration
aspects in this study. There were 4 factors
shown in Table 2 consist of propolis extracts
(A), coconut oils (B), palm oils (C), and olive
oils (D) was evaluated. Analysis and data
processing was deploying Design Expert
13.0.5.0 to obtain 27 different formulations and
predicted optimum formulation. The optimum
formulation was determined by adjusted goal
setting with some criteria such as minimization
of moisture content, maximization of foam
stability, and antioxidant inhibition. Validation
and comparing between predicted and actual
optimum formulas were then conducted to
obtain the best solid soap formulation. The best
formulation then analyzed towards another
characteristic pointed to SNI 3522:2021
(except the characteristics were used as a
response).
Table 2. Experimental design parameters
Symbols
Factors
Level of Variables
(gram)
Low
High
A
Propolis Extracts
1
3
B
Coconut Oils
10
20
C
Pal Oils
10
30
D
Olive Oils
10
30
3. Result and Discussion
Propolis Extraction Yields
Propolis extraction yields in this study
were measured as an amount of 24.45% (w/w).
Propolis extract has been had brown color after
evaporating until no solvent droplets were
evaporating. Moderate results were obtained
because of the effect of ethanol concentration
that affected solvent polarity. A high
concentration of ethanol provided propolis
extracts in high yield as in the research of
Puspita & Pramono [22] was deploying 96%
ethanol (v/v) which obtained 51.67% of yield
(w/w). According to Riwanti et al. [23], ethanol
concentration affected their polarity which had
nonlinear effects and caused the solvent
difficulty in binding bioactive compounds as an
antioxidant. Therefore, to obtain high
antioxidant extracts were recommended to
deploy a low concentration of ethanol instead
of a high concentration to bind bioactive
compounds such as phenols and flavonoids in
high content [16].
Response Surface Model
Box-Behnken's experimental design
provided 27 combinations of formulas based on
the limitation of input variables. The results of
the analysis of responses consisting of moisture
content, foam stability, and antioxidant
inhibition were shown in Table 3. The data
were then analyzed using Design Expert
13.0.5.0 to determine the factors toward
responses and to obtain the best formulation for
solid soap
R. Aisy et al / Indo J Pharm 4 (2022) 219-231
*Corresponding author,
e-mail : rahadatul.aisy1202@gmail.com (R. Aisy)
https://doi.org/10.24198/idjp.v4i2.41229
© 2022 R. Aisy et al
Table 3. Data analysis results for optimization of solid soap formulation
Formula(s
)
Propolis
Extracts
(gram)
Coconut
Oils
(gram)
Palm
Olis
(gram)
Olive
Oils
(gram)
Moisture
Content
(%)
Foam
Stability (%)
Antioxidant
Inhibition
(%)
1
2
20
30
20
20.68
88
49.13
2
2
20
10
20
21.94
89
50.75
3
2
15
20
20
23.37
89
50.69
4
1
15
10
20
27.24
62
51.05
5
1
15
20
10
24.82
62
50.26
6
1
10
20
20
25.38
85
49.42
7
3
20
20
20
21.38
89
50.99
8
2
15
30
10
21.95
85
51.77
9
2
10
20
10
29.82
71
49.90
10
3
15
10
20
33.51
61
48.69
11
2
20
20
30
19.50
90
51.97
12
1
15
30
20
19.41
88
51.79
13
3
15
20
10
26.43
72
50.38
14
2
15
30
30
19.64
88
51.95
15
3
10
20
20
22.96
85
49.92
16
2
10
20
30
21.59
91
51.87
17
2
15
20
20
20.58
85
51.79
18
1
20
20
20
19.59
88
51.53
19
2
15
10
10
27.44
64
48.79
20
1
15
20
30
20.00
91
51.29
21
2
15
20
20
22.43
84
50.26
22
3
15
20
30
22.59
92
50.14
23
3
15
30
20
20.48
87
50.95
24
2
10
30
20
22.20
91
51.85
25
2
20
20
10
24.89
84
49.19
26
2
10
10
20
29.55
61
47.90
27
2
15
10
30
21.58
86
51.15
Analysis of variances (ANOVA) was
deployed in this study on the response of
moisture content, foam stability, and
antioxidant inhibition to determine a fit
model to show the factors' effect on
responses. The quadratic model has a
greater determinant coefficient (R2) than
the other models, chosen as fit models
shown in Table 4. This model was
significantly based on p-value criteria
which are smaller than 5% and have a not
significant on the Lack of Fit criteria (the
value was greater than 5%). According to
[Keshani et al. in Nurmiah et al. [24], no
significant effect on the Lack of Fit value is
a requirement for a good model, especially
toward foam stability response which fits
with the model.
Table 4. Results of response model analysis
Response
Moisture Content
Foam Stability
Antioxidant Inhibition
Models
Quadratic
Quadratic
Quadratic
Model
significant
(p<0,05)
0.0119
0.0017
0.0389
Factors
significant
(p<0,05)
A : 0.1910
B : 0.0113
C : 0.0005
D : 0.0022
A : 0.6143
B : 0.0420
C : 0.0002
D : 0.0002
A : 0.1567
B : 0.3581
C : 0.0073
D : 0.0144
R. Aisy et al / Indo J Pharm 4 (2022) 219-231
224
Response
Moisture Content
Foam Stability
Antioxidant Inhibition
Lack of fit
(p<0,05)
0.2855
0.1738
0.5717
R2
0.8193
0.8758
0.7679
Equation
Effects on Moisture Content
The moisture content equation in
Table 4 showed the moisture content in
solid soap declined although propolis
extracts, coconut oils, palm oils, and olive
oils were increased. This is indicated by
negative constants for each factor. The
increase in moisture content was not
affected by the addition of propolis extracts
cause of containing saponins. Saponins in
propolis extracts are complex glycosides
when hydrolyzed would be divided into
sugars and non-sugar components
especially sugar components that have
hygroscopic properties that could absorb
water. Widyasanti et al. [25] conducted a
study of saponins in white tea extracts
caused a declined effect on moisture
content in transparent solid soap. This
shows about more extracts are added, it
would be a high amount of water absorption
by sugars in saponins and cause the
moisture content in solid soap to decline.
Coconut oils, palm oils, and olive oils
showed a significant effect on moisture
content in soap and indicated by the p-value
of this response being less than 5%. High
moisture content in soap would be caused
the soap to shrink faster, but low content
could be increasing its shelf life. Besides
that, the moisture content in soap was
related to hardness level, which means high
content produces a softer soap and vice
versa [8]. Hardian et al. explained saturated
fatty acids affected the hardness level of
soap, such as a high amount of palmitic
acids, stearic acids, myristic acids, and
lauric acids made the harder soap [26].
Palmitic acids and stearic acids can harden
and or solidify soap [27,28]. Coconut oils,
palm oils, and olive oils have a high amount
of saturated fatty acids, and increasing the
amount of these would be to increase the
hardness level or decline the moisture
content in soap.
The three-dimensional curve
obtained from Design Expert 13.0.5.0
showed the relationship between factors
and responses. Each color in curves
represented the moisture content of each
response. Red colors indicated high
moisture content in soap, meanwhile blue
indicated low moisture content. The lowest
surface showed minimum moisture content
in soap and it indicated then the higher
content of coconut oils, palm oils, and olive
oils provided low moisture content in
soaps.
R. Aisy et al / Indo J Pharm 4 (2022) 219-231
225
Figure 1. The three-dimensional response
curve of moisture content
Effects on Foam Stability
The response surface model equation
showed that all factors (propolis extracts,
coconut oils, palm oils, and olive oils)
affected linearly foam stability response.
The positive constant in the equation could
be interpreted by the increasing content of
each factor improving foam stability in
soaps produced. However, the addition of
propolis extracts had no significant effect
on foam stability caused by a p-value of
more than 5%. Pangestika et al. [29] stated
the addition of natural extracts in excess
content caused soap formulation to have a
mismatched composition to produce foams
and affected to declined of foam stability.
The declined foam stability of soap
occurred in recent research in which excess
addition of Avicennia marina leaves
extracts to solid soap formulation [29].
Significant factors toward foam
stability in soap were the content of coconut
oils, palm oils, and olive oils. The increase
in foam stability is related to high fatty acid
content in the vegetable oils deployed in
this study. Coconut oil contains lauric acids
as the abundant component in oil which is
recovered to 52% [30]. Lauric acids
produced foam in coconut oil-bases soap to
provide a high foaming ability [31].
Palmitic acid contained in coconut oil, palm
oil, and olive oil also can produce a stable
foam [28]. According to Oktari et al. [27],
stearic and myristic acids in three types of
vegetable oils in this study could be
maintained foam stability. Therefore, the
high content of coconut oils, palm oils, and
olive oils increased foam stability in
produced solid soaps. In a study conducted
by Mopangga et al. [32], the results of
produced soap deployed a combination of
three-types vegetable oils same as in this
study, and it obtained soap with good foam
stability and required the standard.
The three-dimensional graph of the
foam stability response shown in Figure 2,
interpreted the influence of significant
factors on responses. The parabolic-shaped
curve showed the maximum foam stability
at the top surface before the decline
occurred. The position of maximum foam
stability was indicated on the highest
surface compared to others.
R. Aisy et al / Indo J Pharm 4 (2022) 219-231
226
Figure 2. The three-dimensional response
curve of foam stability
Effects on Antioxidant Inhibition
The results of ANOVA in antioxidant
inhibition response, the significant factors
consist of palm oils and olive oils (p-value
less than 5%), it related to antioxidant
content in oils as to increase the inhibition
linearly with the addition of palm oils and
olive oils. Sinaga & Siahaan [33] stated
palm oils contained carotenoids and
vitamin E as tocopherol and tocotrienol
which have antioxidant properties.
Yuniwarti et al. [34] explained olive oils
have antioxidant compounds such as
phenols. Vitamin E as tocopherol in olive
oils has antioxidant properties and can
protect skin from free radicals [5].
Antioxidant activity was discovered in
coconut oils cause of the existence of
polyphenols and vitamin E [35]. However,
coconut oils have no significant effect on
antioxidant inhibition based on the results
of ANOVA. It is caused by during soap-
making processes, coconut oils must be
heated firstly to melt. The heating process
could be harmful to thermolabile
compounds such as flavonoids [36].
The increased content of propolis
extracts had no significant effect on
antioxidant inhibition response. It was
caused by the blending process of propolis
extracts with various non-polar compounds
of oils in the soap-making process. That
process inhibited flavonoids in propolis
extracts to bind free radicals of DPPH and
remain bound to its glycoside groups.
Flavonoids were unable to donate their
hydrogen ions to scavenging free radicals
due to steric block [37]. Sari et al. [38]
discovered similar mechanisms in their
study about liquid soap-making with the
addition of guava leaf extracts. Their results
showed the addition of extracts decreased
the antioxidant inhibition in soap and
possibly occurred in saturated extracts.
The three-dimensional curve of
antioxidant inhibition response was shown
in Figure 3 and indicated the maximum
antioxidant inhibition on the surface which
is the highest compared to others. The
higher content of coconut oils and palm oils
showed a color change from blue to red. It
showed the increase in these two factors
affects increasing in antioxidant inhibition.
R. Aisy et al / Indo J Pharm 4 (2022) 219-231
227
Figure 3. The three-dimensional response
curve of antioxidant inhibition.
Optimization and Validation
Optimization assisted by Design
Expert 13.0.5.0 provided the optimum
formula of soap consisting of 1.545 grams
of propolis extracts (A), 13.097 grams of
coconut oils (B), 29.629 grams of palm oils
(C), and 29,809 grams of olive oils. The
predicted response generated by models
were 19.36% of moisture content, 93.67%
of foam stability, and 51.99% of
antioxidant inhibition. The predicted
solution then proceeded to validation
models to determine the actual level of
solution. Validation was conducted by
deploying the optimum formula obtained
from the program actually with two
replications, and the results of the
calculation showed in Table 5.
Model validation was carried out to
determine model accuracy by comparing
the data predicted by a model with the
actual data from the analysis. The results
shown in Table 5 indicated the deviation of
moisture content, foam stability, and
antioxidant inhibition respectively amount
of 4.55%, 3.48%, and 2.54%. According to
Sugiono et al. in Nurika et al. [39], the value
of deviation aimed to measure accuracy
between predicted and actual data and
should be less than or equal to 5%. The
validation results for all responses in this
study were below 5% and were considered
to meet the requirements for computational
prediction calculations. The results of the
validation of the optimal formula according
to the predicted efficiency indicated the
model was adequate for the optimization of
factors or variables, Khoshnamvand et al. in
Nurika et al. [39].
Table 5. Comparison of optimization and
validation results
Moisture
Content
(%)
Foam
Stability
(%)
Antioxidant
Inhibition
(%)
Predicts*
19.36
93.67
51.99
Validation**
20.24
90.41
50.67
Difference
0.88
3.26
1.32
Deviation
(%)
4.55
3.48
2.54
Model
Validity (%)
95.45
96.52
97.54
Further Analysis of Optimum Formula
Further analysis of the optimum
formula was carried out to analysis toward
several criteria following SNI 3522:2021
such as pH value, insoluble material in
ethanol, free fatty acids, and free alkali. The
results were then compared with the
standard in SNI 3522:2021 and shown in
Table 6.
Table 6. Results analysis for optimum
formula
Parameters of
Analysis
Quantity
Optimum
Formula
SNI 3522:2021
Moisture
Content (%)
20.24
Max. 23%
pH
9.96
9-11
Insoluble
materials in
Ethanol (%)
2.22
Max. 10%
Free Fatty Acids
(%)
0
Max. 2.5%
Free Alkali (%)
0.068
Max 0.1%
The pH value is related to the
degree of acidity in produced soap [40].
Produced soap with propolis extracts
addition in this study was deployed
optimum formula had a pH of 9.96 and
R. Aisy et al / Indo J Pharm 4 (2022) 219-231
228
accordance to the standard. Alkaloids were
discovered in propolis extracts and
provided alkaline properties then causing
the increase of pH in produced soap [25]. It
indicated to more addition of extracts
would be a higher pH value in soap
obtained. Mopangga et al. [32] proved
similar results in their study about solid
soap formulation with gedi leaves extracts
has a higher pH which is linearly affected
by the addition of extracts.
Hernani et al. in Murniati et al. [41]
explained that insoluble materials in
ethanol of produced soap were alkaline salt
consisting of carbonates, silicates,
phosphates, sulfates, and starch. The
analysis results of the optimum formula
indicated by the standard, where the
maximum insoluble materials are 10%. The
number of insoluble materials in ethanol of
produced soap was 2.22% and produced
soap had no appearance of wisps that would
interfere with the soap [42].
Free alkali was no-bound alkali with
free fatty acids in produced soap caused by
excessive alkali deployed in the soap-
making process. Free fatty acids were no-
bound fatty acids with alkali during the
soap-making process caused by a small
amount of alkali addition and or excessive
oils deployed [43]. In this study, produced
soap had a negative content of free fatty
acids and was interpreted as produced soap
having excess alkali. However, the results
showed that produced soap with propolis
extracts addition was still safe to use for the
skin which was proven by standard and
requirement in SNI 3522:2021 were a
maximum amount of 0.1%. The free alkali
content in produced soap of this study was
0.068%. Similar results were discovered in
another study conducted by Mopangga et
al. [32], their formulation deployed gedi
leaves extracts for solid soap-making with
free alkali content in the range of 0.063% to
0.077%.
Conclusion
The optimum formula for solid soap with
propolis extracts addition was the
composition consist 1.545 grams of
propolis extracts, 13.097 grams of coconut
oils, 29.629 grams of palm oils, and
19.0809 grams of olive oils. This formula
provided soap with 20.24% of moisture
content, 90.41% of foam stability, and
50.67% of antioxidant inhibition. The
results indicated the obtained models were
quite good because model validation had a
value above 95%. Produced soap from
optimum formula had several
characteristics that accordance with the
standard in SNI 3522:2021 consisting of
9.96 of pH, 2.22% of insoluble materials in
ethanol, and 0.068% of free alkali content.
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