Tingkat kecemasan dental anak usia 7-12 tahun yang akan melakukan ekstraksi gigi  Dental anxiety level of 7 - 12-years old children who will perform tooth extraction at dental hospital

Ni Putu Nathalia Emilly Mathius; Linda Sari Sembiring; Meilani Rohinsa

doi:10.24198/pjdrs.v3i1.22486

Tingkat kecemasan dental anak usia 7-12 tahun yang akan melakukan ekstraksi gigi
Dental anxiety level of 7 - 12-years old children who will perform tooth extraction at dental hospital

Ni Putu Nathalia Emilly Mathius, Linda Sari Sembiring, Meilani Rohinsa

Abstract

Pendahuluan: Kecemasan merupakan suatu hal yang sering dialami oleh sebagian pasien yang akan melakukan prosedur perawatan dental. Kecemasan dental merupakan respon kecemasan yang hampir identik dengan respon rasa takut, yang keduanya memiliki fisiologis, kognitif serta komponen perilaku. Kecemasan dental sendiri merupakan salah satu hal yang harus diperhatikan karena tidak hanya akan menyebabkan stres kepada pasien melainkan juga pada dokter gigi saat akan melakukan perawatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kecemasan dental anak usia 7-12 tahun yang akan melakukan ekstraksi gigi di Rumah Sakit Gigi dan Mulut Maranatha. Metode: Jenis penilaian kecemasan dilakukan dengan pengisian kuisioner MDAS serta penilaian perilaku anak dilakukan dengan Frankl behaviour rating scale. Hasil: Hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan menunjukkan dari segi psikologis sebanyak tujuh anak (64%) memiliki tingkat kecemasan rendah dan empat anak (36%) memiliki tingkat kecemasan sedang. Perilaku anak menunjukkan sikap pasti positif dan positif saat menjalani prosedur ekstraksi gigi, serta dari segi fisiologis terdapat peningkatan tekanan darah dan denyut nadi pada saat anak berada di kursi gigi. Simpulan: Tingkat kecemasan dental anak usia 7-12 tahun yang akan melakukan ekstraksi gigi di Rumah Sakit Gigi dan Mulut Maranatha paling banyak dalam kategori rendah dengan perilaku menunjukkan sikap pasti positif dan positif saat menjalani prosedur ekstraksi gigi.

Kata kunci: Kecemasan gigi, tekanan darah, denyut nadi, MDAS, skala penilaian perilaku Frankl.

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Anxiety is a common thing experienced by some patients who will perform dental procedures. Dental anxiety is an anxious response which almost identical to the fear response, both of which have physiological, cognitive and behavioral components. Dental anxiety is one of the things that has to be considered because not only will cause stress to the patient but also to the dentist when the treatment is about to start. This study was aimed to determine the level of dental anxiety of 7 - 12-years old children who will perform tooth extraction at Maranatha Dental Hospital. Methods: Anxiety assessment was done by filling out the MDAS questionnaire as well as the child's behavioural assessment performed with the Frankl behaviour rating scale. Results: From the research that has been done, in terms of psychological, seven children (64%) had low anxiety level and four children (36%) had moderate anxiety level. Child behavior showed positive and definitely positive attitude while they were undergoing dental extraction Conclusion: The level of dental anxiety of 7 - 12-years old children who will perform tooth extraction at Maranatha Dental Hospital mostly found in the lowest category, with a very positive and positive attitude when undergoing tooth extraction procedures.

Keywords: Dental anxiety, blood pressure, pulse rate, MDAS, Frankl behaviour rating scale

Keywords

Kecemasan gigi, Tekanan darah, denyut nadi, MDAS, skala penilaian perilaku Frankl, dental anxiety, blood pressure, pulse rate

Full Text:

PDF

References

AlSarheed M. Children’s Perception of Their Dentists. European Journal Dentistry; 2011:5:186.

Andi SP. Pola Perilaku Anak Terhadap Perawatan Gigi dan Mulut [Skripsi]. Makassar: Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Hasanuddin; 2014.

Mash, E.J., Wolfe, D.A,. Abnormal Child Psychology. 6th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning; 2016: 356-358.

Rao,A. Principles and Practices of Pedodontics. 3rd ed. New Delhi : Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2012: 103.

Andri, P. Dewi, Y. Teori Kecemasan Berdasarkan Psikoanalisis Klasik dan Berbagai Mekanisme Pertahanan terhadap Kecemasan. Majalah Kedokteran Indonesia; Juli 2007; 57(7).

Hoem, A.F., Tvermyr, K., dan Elde, K.M. Clinical Management of the Adult Patient with Dental Anxiety. Norwegia : Faculty of Health Science, University of Tromso. Thesis. 2012.

Girdler, N.M., Hil, C.M., and Wilson, K.E. Clinical Sedation in Dentistry. United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell; 2009: 11-15.

Porritt J., Marshman Z., dan Rodd H.D. Understanding Children’s Dental Anxiety and it’s Psychological Approaches to its Reduction. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2012 Nov;22(6):397-405.

Hertanto, Mario. Perbedaan tingkat kecemasan dental berdasarkan usia dan jenis kelamin terhadap lingkungan perawatan dental pada anak usia 6 dan 9 tahun.[pdf] 2008 [cited 03 Agustus 2017] Available from URL: http://www.lontar.ui.ac.id/opac/themes/libri2/detail.jsp?id=125717&lokasi=lokal

Morgan AG, Rodd HD, Porritt JM, Baker SR, Creswell C, Newton T, dkk. Children’s Experiences of Dental Anxiety. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2017 March;2(2):87-97.

Kandou LFJ, Anindita PS, Mawa MAC, et al. Gambaran tingkat kecemasan pasien usia dewasa pra tindakan pencabutan gigi di Balai Prngobatan Rumah Sakit Gigi dan Mulut Manado. J e-Gigi. 2013;1(2).

Alaki S, Alotaibi A, Almabadi E, Alanquri E. Dental anxiety in middle school children and their caregivers: prevalences and severity. J Dent Oral Hyg; 2012 Jan 4(1);6-11. [cited 4 Agustus 2017] Available from URL: http://www.academicjournals.org/jdoh/pdf/pdf2012/Jan/Alaki%20et%20al.pdf.

Rehatta VC, Kandou J, Gunawan PN. Gambaran Kecemasan Pencabutan Gigi Anak di Puskesmas Bahu Manado. Jurnal e-GiGi (eG). 2014 Juli-Desember; 2(2).

Ibda F. Perkembangan Kognitif: Teori Jean Piaget. Intelektualita; Januari – Juni 2015;3(1).

Pratiwi RP. Pengertian Kecemasan. Jurnal Online Kajian Psikologi [serial online] 2010 Mei 21 [cited 23 September 2017]. Available from URL: http://psikologi.or.id.

Spielberger, Charles D. Anxiety current trends in theory and research. London: Academic Press.1972.

Scaini S, Ogliari A, Brombin C. Physiological Response to Negative Emotions in Children with Anxiety Symptoms: Many Steps Still to be Taken. Avicenna J Neuro Psych Physio. 2016 August; 3(3):e42845.

McDonald,R.E., Avery,D.R., Dean,J.A.Dentistry For The Child And Adolescent. 8th ed. St Louis: Mosby; 2004:37.

Gupta A, Marya CM, Bhatia HP, Dahiya V. Behaviour Management Of An Anxious Child. Stomatologija, Baltic Dental and Maxillofacial Journal; 2014: 16:3-6.

Koch,G., and Poulsen,S. Pediatric Dentistry :A Clinical Approach. 2nd ed. London: Blackwell Publishing; 2009: 33-34.

Bare L.C., Dundes L., Strategies for Combating Dental Anxiety. J Dent Educ; 2004: 68(11):11721177.

Martini, Frederic H., Nath, Judi L., Bartholomew, Edwin F., Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology. 9th ed. San Francisco : Pearson Education, Inc. 2012.

Pontoh BI, Pangemanan DH, Mariati NW. Hubungan Tingkat Kecemasan dengan Perubahan Denyut Nadi pada Pasien Ekstraksi Gigi di Puskesmas Tuminting Manado. Jurnal e-GiGi (eG). 2015 Januari-Juni; 3(1).

Wasilah, Probosari N., Penatalaksanaan Pasien Cemas pada Pencabutan Gigi Anak dengan Menggunakan Anestesi Topikal dan Injeksi. Stomatognatic (J.K.G. Unej) Vol. 8 No. 1 2011 : 51-55.

Steimer T. The Biology of Fear- and Anxiety-Related Behaviors. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 2002;4(3):231-249.

Guinot J.F., Yuste B.S., Cuadros F.C., Lorente R.A., Mercadé B.M., Objective and Subjective Measures for Assessing Anxiety in Paediatric Dental Patients. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2011 Dec;12(4):239-44.

Horikawa M., Yagi A., The Relationships among Trait Anxiety, State Anxiety and the Goal Performance of Penalty Shoot-Out by University Soccer Players. Laks J, ed. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(4):e35727.

Ladd S.L., Gabrieli J.D., Trait and State Anxiety Reduce the Mere Exposure Effect. Frontiers in Psychology. 2015:6:701.

Deepak V., Mahesh K., Prabhuji M.L., Dental Anxiety, Fear and Phobia in Children. International Journal of Dental Research & Development (IJDRD). Feb 2014:4(1).

Milica J., Jelena N., Aleksander M., Dental Anxiety: Etiology and Treatment Options. Serbian Dental Journal. 2015:62(4).

Luoto A., Child Dental Fear: Individual and Family-Level Changes and Oral Health- Related Quality of Life. Annales Universitatis Turkuensis D 1286. 12 Mei 2017. Available from URL: http://www.doria.fi/handle/10024/134648

Balasubramaniyan N, Rayapati D.K., Puttiah R.H., et al. Evaluation of Anxiety Induced Cardiovascular Response in known Hypertensive Patients Undergoing Exodontia - A Prospective Study. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research : JCDR. 2016;10(8):ZC123-ZC127.

Silverthorn DU., Fisiologi Manusia. 6th ed. Jakarta: EGC. 2016: 533.

Shindova M., Belcheva A., The Effect of Parental Presence on the Dental Anxiety during Clinical Examination in Children Aged 6-12 Years. Journal of IMAB. Jul-Dec 2013: 19(4):435-438.

Basit A., Shah S.M., Naeem A., Mahmood S., Effect of Dental Anxiety on Blood Pressure of Patients Undergoing Dental Extractions Under Local Anesthesia. Pakistan Oral & Dental Journal. January-March 2017;37(1).

Cobos B., Haskard-Zolnierek K., Howard K., White Coat Hypertension: Improving the Patient–Health Care Practitioner Relationship. Psychology Research and Behavior Management. 2015;8:133-141.

Johnsen B.H., Thayer J.F., Laberg J.C., Wormnes B., Raadal M., dkk. Attentional and Physiological Characteristics of Patients with Dental Anxiety.J Anxiety Disorder. 2003;17(1):75-87.

Dušková M., Vašáková J., Dušková J., Kaiferová J., Broukal Z., Stárka L., The Role of Stress Hormones in Dental Management Behavior Problems. Physiol Res. 2017 Sep 26;66(Supp 3):S317-S322.

Sana H., Manal A., Dental Anxiety Prevalence and Associated Factors. European Journal of General Dentistry. September-December 2013:2(3).

Giri J., Pokharel PR., Gyawali R., Bhattarai B., Translation and Validation of Modified Dental Anxiety Scale: The Nepali Version. Hindawi: International Scholarly Research Notices Volume 2017, Article ID 5495643.

Tolvanen M., Puijolal K., Armfield JM., Lahti, S., Translation aAnd Validation of the Finnish Version of Index of Dental Anxiety and Fear (IDAF-4C+) among Dental Students. Tolvanen et al. BMC Oral Health. 2017: 17:85.

Irelnand R., Kamus Kedokteran Gigi. 1st ed. Jakarta: EGC. 2012.

Fragiskos F.D., Oral Surgery. Germany: Springer-Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg. 2007: 74.

Hupp J.R., Ellis E., Tucker M.R., Contemporary Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 6th ed. St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier. 2014:91-92.

Irmayanti, Exodontia Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Pencabutan Gigi, 1st ed. Yogyakarta : Deepublish. 2016:31-41.

Sharma A., Tyagi R., Behavior Assesment of Children in Dental Settings: A Retrospective Study. International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 2011 January-April; 4(1):35- 39.

Cassamassimo, P.S., Fields, H.W., McTigue, D.J., Nowak, A.J. Pediatric Dentistry Infancy Through Adolescence. 5th Ed. St Louis:Elsevier; 2013: 355.

Abanto J., Vidigal E.A., Carvalho T.S., Sá S.N., Bönecker M., Factors for Determining Dental Anxiety in Preschool Children with Severe Dental Caries. Braz Oral Res. 2017 Jan; 13(31).

Kronina L., Rasčevska M., Care R., Psychosocial Factors Correlated with Children's Dental Anxiety. Stomatologija, Baltoc Dental and Maxillofacial Journal 2017;19(3):84-90.

Rafdi A., Gambaran Kecemasan Anak Usia 7-14 Tahun Terhadap Perawatan Gigi di SD Inpres Tamalanrea II Kota Makassar dan SDN 6 Mentirotiku Kabupaten Toraja Utara [Skripsi]. Makassar: Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Hasanuddin; 2014.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/pjdrs.v3i1.22486