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Kebiasaan buruk oral yang dapat memengaruhi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan kraniofasial anak: ulasan sistematik
Abstract
ABSTRAK
Pendahuluan: Tumbuh kembang kraniofasial merupakan proses yang penting bagi anak karena dapat memengaruhi fungsional dan penampilan anak. Kebiasaan buruk oral dapat memengaruhi masa pertumbuhan dan perkembangan kraniofasial serta dapat menyebabkan penyimpangan seperti maloklusi. Jika tidak segera dilakukan perawatan, maloklusi pada usia anak dapat semakin berkembang ke arah yang buruk. Tinjauan sistematik dilakukan untuk mengetahui kebiasaan buruk oral apa saja yang dapat memengaruhi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan kraniofasial anak pada usia sekolah dan penyimpangan yang cenderung terjadi akibat kebiasaan buruk oral, baik secara skeletal ataupun dental. Metode: Artikel yang didapatkan dari 4 database elektronik dianalisis dengan panduan PRISMA 2020. Penilaian risk of bias dilakukan dengan menggunakan QUADAS -2. Hasil: Terdapat 8 artikel yang digunakan sebagai referensi pada tinjauan sistematik ini. Kebiasaan buruk oral pada anak usia sekolah yang diteliti dari beberapa artikel tersebut adalah mouth breathing, atypical swallowing/ tongue thrusting, menggigit kuku, menggigit pena, mengisap ibu jari, mengisap bibir, dan mengisap dot. Secara keseluruhan, penyimpangan yang cenderung terjadi pada anak yang memiliki kebiasaan buruk oral adalah penyimpangan pada gigi geligi. Pada anak dengan kebiasaan bernafas melalui mulut, mengisap ibu jari, dan mengisap bibir, penyimpangan yang cenderung terjadi adalah penyimpangan secara dentoskeletal. Simpulan: Penyimpangan yang cenderung terjadi pada anak dengan kebiasaan buruk oral adalah secara dental berupa maloklusi molar kelas I, sementara penyimpangan secara skeletal cenderung hanya terjadi pada anak dengan kebiasaan bernafas melalui mulut, mengisap ibu jari, dan mengisap bibir. Tinjauan sistematik ini diharapkan dapat menjadi salah satu acuan tatalaksana pada anak dengan kebiasaan buruk oral yang memengaruhi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan kraniofasial.
Oral bad habit that can affect children’s craniofacial growth and development: a systematic review
Introduction: Craniofacial growth and development is an essential process for children as it impacts both mastication and children's appearance. Bad oral habits can interfere with this process and cause deviations in craniofacial growth and development, such as malocclusion. If not treated promptly, childhood malocclusion can worsen over time. This systematic review aimed to discover the oral habits that can affect craniofacial growth and development in school-aged children and to determine the skeletal and dental deviations that tend to occur due to these habits. Methods: The article obtained from 4 electronic databases was analyzed following the PRISMA guidelines. The risk of bias was assessed using QUADAS -2. Results: Eight articles were used in this systematic review. The bad oral habits of school-aged children examined in these studies include mouth breathing, atypical swallowing/ tongue thrusting, onychophagia, biting pen, thumb sucking, lip sucking, and pacifier sucking. In general, dental malocclusion tends to occur in children with these bad oral habits. In children with mouth-breathing habits, thumb sucking, and lip sucking, both dental and skeletal malocclusions tend to occur. Conclusion: The deviations that tend to occur in school-aged children with bad oral habits are primarily dental, often manifesting as Angle Class I molar malocclusion. Skeletal deviations are more likely to occur only in children with mouth-breathing, thumb-sucking, and lip-sucking habits. This systematic review is expected to serve as a useful reference for treating children with bad oral habits that may affect craniofacial growth and development.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/pjdrs.v8i2.54097
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