GOVERNMENT READINESS FOR FLEXIBLE WORKING: MANAGING WORK-FROM-HOME POLICY FOR CIVIL SERVANTS IN INDONESIA
Abstract
Keywords
References
Appelbaum, E., Bailey, T., Berg, P., & Kalleberg, A. L. (2000). Manufacturing advantage: Why high-performance work systems pay off. Cornell University Press.
Armenakis, A. A., & Harris, S. G. (2002). Crafting a change message to create transformational readiness. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 15(2), 169–183. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534810210423080
Armenakis, A. A., Harris, S. G., & Mossholder, K. W. (1993). Creating readiness for organisational change. Human Relations, 46(6), 681–703. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679304600601
Ashal, R. A. (2020). The impact of working from home on the performance of civil servants at the Class I Special TPI Immigration Office in Medan. Journal of Legal Policy, 14(2), 223–242. https://doi.org/10.30641/kebijakan.2020.V14.223-242
Ashar, A. A., Gani, A., Fitriani, F., & Murfat, M. Z. (2023). The impact of the implementation of work from home and information technology in the Covid-19 era on employee performance. Center of Economic Students Journal, 6(2), 173–182. https://doi.org/10.56750/csej.v6i2.581
Australian Public Service Commission. (2025). Flexible work in the APS. State of the Service Report 2024–25.
Ballantine, J. A., Wall, T., & Ward, A. M. (2022). Flexible working in the public sector: A case of inflexibility: Senior managers’ experiences. Employee Relations, 44(6), 1273–1289. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-08-2020-0379
Blumberg, M., & Pringle, C. D. (1982). The missing opportunity in organisational research: Some implications for a theory of work performance. Academy of Management Review, 7(4), 560–569.
Bos-Nehles, A., Townsend, K., Cafferkey, K., & Trullen, J. (2023). Examining the ability, motivation and opportunity framework in human resource management research. International Journal of Management Reviews, 25(4), 757–782. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12332
Buick, F., Blackman, D. A., Glennie, M., Weeratunga, V., & O’Donnell, M. E. (2024). Different approaches to managerial support for flexible working: Implications for public sector employee well-being. Public Personnel Management, 53(3), 360–384. https://doi.org/10.1177/00910260241226731
Cabinet Office. (2024). Civil Service continues commitment to minimum 60% office attendance. GOV.UK.
Department of Public Expenditure, Infrastructure, Public Service Reform and Digitalisation. (2026). Blended Working Policy Framework for Civil Service Organisations. Government of Ireland.
Fahmi, R., Suparno, & Lubis, S. M. (2021). The influence of discipline and job satisfaction on the performance of civil servants, with ‘working from home’ as a moderating variable, at the ‘ ’ during the Covid-19 pandemic. Syntax Idea, 3(11), 2548–2560. https://doi.org/10.46799/syntax-idea.v3i11.1493
Fowler, L., & Birdsall, C. (2025). Does working out-of-the-office work for employees? Alternative work arrangements, ambiguity, and job satisfaction in the federal workforce. Public Personnel Management, 54(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/00910260251316525
Giacomini, D., & Palumbo, R. (2024). Preparing the ground for smart working in the public sector: Insights from an empirical analysis on municipalities. Public Management Review, 26(12), 3529–3555. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2023.2218387
Haukka, E., Joensuu, M., Kausto, J., Oksanen, T., Vahtera, J., Kivimäki, M., & Ervasti, J. (2026). Patterns and correlates of sickness absence before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in a cohort of Finnish public sector employees [Article]. Discover public health, 23(1), Article 625. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-026-01886-2
Ministry of Coordination for Infrastructure and Regional Development. (25 April 2025). Ministerial Regulation PANRB No. 4/2025: Flexible performance of official duties by civil servants in government agencies. https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/permen-panrb- 42025-pelaksanaan-tugas-kedinasan-pegawai-aparatur-sipil-negara-secara-fleksibel- pada-instansi-pemerintah
Ministry of State Apparatus Empowerment and Bureaucratic Reform. (2020a, 16 March). Prevention of the spread of Covid-19 through working from home for civil servants. https://www.menpan.go.id/site/berita-terkini/pencegahan-penyebaran-virus-covid-19- dengan-kerja-di-rumah-bagi-asn
Ministry of State Apparatus Empowerment and Bureaucratic Reform. (2020b, 7 September). New rules on the civil service working system based on regional risk zone categories. https://www.menpan.go.id/site/berita-terkini/aturan-baru-sistem-kerja-asn-berdasarkan- kategori-zonasi-risiko-wilayah
Ministry of State Apparatus Empowerment and Bureaucratic Reform. (2 July 2021). Civil servants in non-essential sectors to work from home 100% during the emergency PPKM. https://www.menpan.go.id/site/berita-terkini/asn-sektor-non-esensial-wfh-100-selama- ppkm-darurat
Ministry of State Apparatus Empowerment and Bureaucratic Reform. (6 April 2026). Performance based on output, not physical presence: Accelerating a new paradigm of civil service management in the transformation of work culture. https://www.menpan.go.id/site/berita-terkini/kinerja-berbasis-output-bukan-kehadiran- fisik-percepatan-paradigma-baru-manajemen-asn-dalam-transformasi-budaya-kerja
Ministry of Personnel Management. (n.d.). Flexible Work System. Government of the Republic of Korea.
Mousa, M., Arslan, A., & Ullah, A. (2024). Work from home feasibility and challenges for public sector employees in a developing country. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOEPP-12-2023-0549
Palumbo, R. (2020). Let me go to the office! An investigation into the side effects of working from home on work-life balance. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 33(6/7), 771–790. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-06-2020-0150
Public Service Division. (2024a). Flexible Work Arrangements in the Civil Service.
Government of Singapore.
Public Service Division. (2024b). Implementation of Flexible Work Arrangements in the Public Service. Government of Singapore.
Razavi Hajiagha, S. H., Amoozad Mahdiraji, H., Behnam, M., & Garza-Reyes, J. A. (2026). A comparative investigation of the impact of digitalisation and work-from-home policy on firm performance: MNEs vs international SMEs [Article]. Technology in Society, 85, Article 103169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2025.103169
Simamora, N. (31 March 2026). Government mandates one day of WFH per week for civil servants and private sector workers, saving up to Rp59 trillion in fuel costs. Kontan. https://nasional.kontan.co.id/news/pemerintah-tetapkan-wfh-asn-dan-swasta-sehari- sepekan-hemat-bbm-hingga-rp-59-triliun
Simanjuntak, L. (22 June 2022). Analysis of the effectiveness of work under the ‘work from anywhere’ (WFA) scheme as a digital-based working system. State Civil Service Agency. https://www.bkn.go.id/analisa-efektifitas-kerja-dengan-skema-work-from-anywhere- wfa-sebagai-sistem-kerja-berbasis-digital/
State Civil Service Agency. (22 June 2022). Analysis of work effectiveness under the work from anywhere (WFA) scheme as a digital-based work system. https://www.bkn.go.id/analisa-efektifitas-kerja-dengan-skema-work-from-anywhere-wfa-sebagai-sistem-kerja- berbasis-digital/
Te Kawa Mataaho Public Service Commission. (2024). Guidance: Flexible Working (Work from Home). New Zealand Government.
Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat. (2024). Common Hybrid Work Model. Government of Canada.
Trist, E. L., & Bamforth, K. W. (1951). Some social and psychological consequences of the longwall method of coal-getting. Human Relations, 4(1), 3–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872675100400101
Troup, C., & Rose, J. (2012). Working from home: Do formal or informal telework arrangements provide better work-family outcomes? Community, Work & Family, 15(4), 471–486. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2012.724220
van Eck, N. J., & Waltman, L. (2010). Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping. Scientometrics, 84(2), 523–538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192- 009-0146-3
Weiner, B. J. (2009). A theory of organisational readiness for change. Implementation Science, 4, 67. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-4-67
Williamson, S., Colley, L., & Foley, M. (2022). Public servants working from home: Exploring managers’ changing allowance decisions in a COVID-19 context. The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 33(1), 37–55. https://doi.org/10.1177/10353046211055526
Warmoth, K., Aylward, A., & Goodman, C. (2025). Care homes and primary care in England working together: A multi-method qualitative study [Article]. Journal of Health Services Research and Policy, 30(2), 127-135. https://doi.org/10.1177/13558196241306607
West Java Provincial Bappeda. (2025). West Java Provincial Government implements ‘work from anywhere’ ahead of Eid al-Fitr holidays. https://bappeda.jabarprov.go.id/pemdaprov-jabar-terapkan-work-from-anywhere-jelang-libur-lebaran/
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/cosmogov.v12i2.71515
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yusuf Sugiyarto, Naufal Bahri Maulana, Teungku Muhammad Ja’far Ali Syam

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Cosmogov: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.


